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1、ANSI/ISO 14040-1997 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR QUALITY P.O. BOX 3005 MILWAUKEE, WI 53201-3005 Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 N
2、ot for Resale, 04/07/2009 22:57:04 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14040-1997 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework Approved as an American National Standard by: NSF International (NSF) Am
3、erican Society for Testing - evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs ; - interpreting the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases in relation to the objectives of the study. LCA studies the environmental aspects and potential imp
4、acts throughout a products life (i.e. cradle-to- grave) from raw material acquisition through production, use and disposal. The general categories of environmental impacts needing consideration include resource use, human health, and ecological consequences. LCA can assist in - identifying opportuni
5、ties to improve the environmental aspects of products at various points in their life cycle ; - decision-making in industry, governmental or non-governmental organizations (e.g. strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign) ; - selection of relevant indicators of envir
6、onmental performance, including measurement techniques ; and - marketing (e.g. an environmental claim, ecolabelling scheme or environmental product declaration). This International Standard recognizes that LCA is still at an early stage of development. Some phases of the LCA technique, such as impac
7、t assessment, are still in relative infancy. Considerable work remains to be done and practical experience gained in order to further develop the level of LCA practice. Therefore, it is important that the results of LCA be interpreted and applied appropriately. If LCA is to be successful in supporti
8、ng environmental understanding of products, it is essential that LCA maintains its technical credibility while providing flexibility, practicality and cost effectiveness of application. This is particularly true if LCA is to be applied within small- and medium-sized enterprises. 1) In this Internati
9、onal Standard, the term “product“ used alone not only includes product systems but can also include service systems. 2) An inventory may include environmental aspects which are not directly related to the inputs and outputs of the system. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under
10、license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 22:57:04 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14040-1997 vi The scope, boundaries and level of detail of an LCA study depend on the subject and intended use of the study. The d
11、epth and breadth of LCA studies may differ considerably depending on the goal of a particular LCA study. However, in all cases, the principles and framework established in this International Standard should be followed. LCA is one of several environmental management techniques (e.g. risk assessment,
12、 environmental performance evaluation, environmental auditing, and environmental impact assessment) and may not be the most appropriate technique to use in all situations. LCA typically does not address the economic or social aspects of a product. Because all techniques have limitations, it is impor
13、tant to understand those that are present in LCA. The limitations include the following. - The nature of choices and assumptions made in LCA (e.g. system boundary setting, selection of data sources and impact categories) may be subjective. - Models used for inventory analysis or to assess environmen
14、tal impacts are limited by their assumptions, and may not be available for all potential impacts or applications. - Results of LCA studies focused on global and regional issues may not be appropriate for local applications, i.e. local conditions might not be adequately represented by regional or glo
15、bal conditions. - The accuracy of LCA studies may be limited by accessibility or availability of relevant data, or by data quality, e.g. gaps, types of data, aggregation, average, site-specific. - The lack of spatial and temporal dimensions in the inventory data used for impact assessment introduces
16、 uncertainty in impact results. This uncertainty varies with the spatial and temporal characteristics of each impact category. Generally, the information developed in an LCA study should be used as part of a much more comprehensive decision process or used to understand the broad or general trade-of
17、fs. Comparing results of different LCA studies is only possible if the assumptions and context of each study are the same. These assumptions should also be explicitly stated for reasons of transparency. This International Standard provides principles and framework and provides some methodological re
18、quirements for conducting LCA studies. Additional details regarding methods are provided in the complementary International Standards ISO 14041, ISO 14042 and ISO 14043 concerning the various phases of LCA . This International Standard, like other International Standards, is not intended to be used
19、to create non- tariff trade barriers or to increase or change an organizations legal obligations. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 22:57:04 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without lic
20、ense from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14040-1997 1 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework 1Scope This International Standard specifies the general framework, principles and requirements for conducting and reporting life cycle assessment studies. This International Standard do
21、es not describe the life cycle assessment technique in detail. 2Normative reference The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of the publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards a
22、re subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 14041: 3
23、Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Goal and scope definition and life cycle inventory analysis 3Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 allocation partitioning the input or output flows of a unit process to the product system
24、under study 3.2 comparative assertion environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product which performs the same function 3.3 elementary flow (1) material or energy entering the system being studied, which has been drawn from the environment withou
25、t previous human transformation (2) material or energy leaving the system being studied, which is discarded into the environment without subsequent human transformation 3.4 environmental aspect element of an organizations activities, products or services that can interact with the environment 3 To b
26、e published. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 22:57:04 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14040-1997 2 3.5 functional unit quantified performance
27、of a product system for use as a reference unit in a life cycle assessment study 3.6 input material or energy which enters a unit process NOTE : Materials may include raw materials and products. 3.7 interested party individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of a
28、 product system, or by the results of the life cycle assessment 3.8 life cycle consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation of natural resources to the final disposal 3.9 life cycle assessment LCA compilation and evaluation of the inputs, output
29、s and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle 3.10 life cycle impact assessment phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts of a product system 3.11 life cycle int
30、erpretation phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations 3.12 life cycle inventory analysis phase of life cycle assess
31、ment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs, for a given product system throughout its life cycle 3.13 output material or energy which leaves a unit process NOTE : Materials may include raw materials, intermediate products, products, emissions and waste. 3.14 practitioner
32、 individual or group that conducts a life cycle assessment Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 22:57:04 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14040-1997
33、 3 3.15 product system collection of materially and energetically connected unit processes which performs one or more defined functions NOTE : In this International Standard, the term “product“ used alone includes not only product systems but can also include service systems. 3.16 raw material prima
34、ry or secondary material that is used to produce a product 3.17 system boundary interface between a product system and the environment or other product systems 3.18 transparency open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information 3.19 unit process smallest portion of a product system
35、for which data are collected when performing a life cycle assessment 3.20 waste any output from the product system which is disposed of 4General description of LCA 4.1Key features of LCA The following list summarizes some of the key features of the LCA methodology. - LCA studies should systematicall
36、y and adequately address the environmental aspects of product systems, from raw material acquisition to final disposal. - The depth of detail and time frame of an LCA study may vary to a large extent, depending on the definition of goal and scope. - The scope, assumptions, description of data qualit
37、y, methodologies and output of LCA studies should be transparent. LCA studies should discuss and document the data sources, and be clearly and appropriately communicated. - Provisions should be made, depending on the intended application of the LCA study, to respect confidentiality and proprietary m
38、atters. - LCA methodology should be amenable to the inclusion of new scientific findings and improvements in the state-of-the-art of the technology. - Specific requirements are applied to LCA studies which are used to make a comparative assertion that is disclosed to the public. Copyright American S
39、ociety for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 22:57:04 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14040-1997 4 - There is no scientific basis for reducing LCA results to a single overall
40、score or number, since trade-offs and complexities exist for the systems analysed at different stages of their life cycle. - There is no single method for conducting LCA studies. Organizations should have flexibility to implement LCA practically as established in this International Standard, based u
41、pon the specific application and the requirements of the user. 4.2Phases of an LCA Life cycle assessment shall include definition of goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results, as illustrated in figure 1. LCA results may be useful inputs to a variety of decis
42、ion-making processes. Applications of LCA such as the examples listed in figure 1 are outside the scope of this International Standard. Life cycle inventory studies shall include definition of goal and scope, inventory analysis and interpretation of results. The requirements and recommendations of t
43、his International Standard, with the exception of those provisions regarding impact assessment, also apply to life cycle inventory studies. Goal definition and scope Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Life cycle assessment framework Direct applications : - Product development - Mark
44、eting and improvement - Strategic planning - Other - Public policy making Figure 1 : Phases of an LCA 5Methodological framework In addition to the general requirements specified below, it is a requirement of this International Standard that the definition of goal and scope and the inventory comply w
45、ith the respective provisions of ISO 14041. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 22:57:04 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14040-1997 5 5.1Definitio
46、n of goal and scope The goal and scope of an LCA study shall be clearly defined and consistent with the intended application. 5.1.1 Goal of the study The goal of an LCA study shall unambiguously state the intended application, the reasons for carrying out the study and the intended audience, i.e. to
47、 whom the results of the study are intended to be communicated. 5.1.2 Scope of the study In defining the scope of an LCA study, the following items shall be considered and clearly described : - the functions of the product system, or, in the case of comparative studies, the systems ; - the functiona
48、l unit ; - the product system to be studied ; - the product system boundaries ; - allocation procedures ; - types of impact and methodology of impact assessment, and subsequent interpretation to be used ; - data requirements ; - assumptions ; - limitations ; - initial data quality requirements ; - type of critical review, if any ; - type and format of the report required for the study. The scope should be sufficiently well defined to ensure that the breadth, the depth and the detail of the study are compatible and sufficient to address the stated goal. LCA is an iterative techn