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1、 CEA Standard Testing separate single and multi-channel amplifiers, integrated amplifiers and bandwidth-limited amplifiers that are connected to and rely solely on the vehicles primary electrical system for power input and have output power ratings of greater than 5 watts when measured in accordance
2、 with CEA-2006-B. See CEA-490-A for testing and measurement methods for those audio amplifiers that are not designed for in-vehicle applications. 2 References 2.1 Normative References The following standards contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute normative provisions of
3、this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards listed in Section 2.1.1. 2.1.1 Nor
4、mative Reference List CEA-490-A, Testing and Measurement Methods for Audio Amplifiers, December 2004 IEC 60651, Sound Level Meters, October 2001 2.1.2 Normative Reference Acquisition CEA, IEC Standards: Global Engineering Documents, World Headquarters, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO USA 80112-
5、5776; Phone 800-854-7179; Fax 303-397-2740; Internet http:/; Email 2.2 Informative References 2.3 Informative References List AES17-1998 (r2004), AES Standard Method for Digital Audio Engineering Measurement of Digital Audio Equipment, March 3, 2004 2.3.1 Informative References Acquisition AES Stan
6、dards: Audio Engineering Society, Inc., International Headquarters, 60 East 42nd Street, Room 2520, New York, NY 10165-2520; Phone 212-661-8528; Fax 212-682-0477; Internet http:/www.aes.org/standards/ ; Email standardsaes.org 3 Symbols and Abbreviations AES Audio Engineering Society dB Decibel Hz He
7、rtz IEC International Electrotechnical Commission kHz Kilohertz Ohm +/- Plus or minus RMS Root Mean Square Copyright Consumer Electronics Association Provided by IHS under license with CEA Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 23:22:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitte
8、d without license from IHS -,-,- CEA-2006-B 2 THD Total Harmonic Distortion THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion plus Noise V Volt W Watt 4 Definitions 4.1 Power Amplifier A device whose purpose is to provide a larger output power than its required input power over the audio range or portion thereof, nor
9、mally construed to mean 20 Hz to 20 kHz. 4.2 Integrated Amplifier A power amplifier integrated into a device whose primary purpose is not power amplification. An integrated amplifier, for example, may be the amplifier contained in a head-unit whose primary purpose is media playback or an amplifier c
10、ontained in a signal processor whose primary purpose is equalization, filtering or multi-channel surround encoding or decoding. These examples are given for illustrative purposes and for purposes of clarification and are not intended to be all-inclusive. NOTEIn CEA-2006-B, the power amplifier sectio
11、n of a head-unit is considered an integrated amplifier. 4.3 Rated Characteristic A single value of a characteristic, such as power output, distortion, etc. claimed as representative of the performance of the product when measured in accordance with CEA- 2006-B. 4.4 Rated Frequency The frequency, mea
12、sured in Hz, at which the power amplifier is tested to measure other characteristics. NOTEThe Rated Frequency shall be stated in conjunction with the rated characteristic. 4.5 Rated Bandwidth The rated bandwidth shall be the frequency range between two stated values (e.g., 20 Hz to 20 kHz) over whic
13、h the power amplifier is tested to measure rated characteristics. NOTE: The rated bandwidth shall be stated with the rated characteristic. 4.6 Rated Load The load impedance with which the power amplifier is designed to operate and upon which other characteristics are based. NOTEThe Rated Load shall
14、be specified in any alternate or additional power rating measured in accordance with CEA-2006-B. 4.7 Rated Supply Voltage The supply voltage at which the power amplifier is tested to measure rated characteristics. NOTEThe Rated Supply Voltage shall be stated in conjunction with the rated characteris
15、tic. Copyright Consumer Electronics Association Provided by IHS under license with CEA Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 23:22:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CEA-2006-B 3 4.8 Reference Load The load impedance with which the pow
16、er amplifier is tested in order to measure rated characteristics. NOTEThe Reference Load for primary power output ratings measured in accordance with CEA-2006-B shall be 4 X (1 +/- 5%) . 4.9 Reference Supply Voltage The supply voltage at which the power amplifier is tested to measure rated character
17、istics. NOTEThe Reference Supply Voltage for primary power output ratings measured in accordance with CEA-2006-B shall be 14.4 V dc +/- 0.2 V dc. 4.10 Reference Characteristic A single value of a characteristic that is used as a reference for the measurement of another characteristic (e.g., input se
18、nsitivity is a Reference Characteristic for a signal-to-noise measurement, or total harmonic distortion is a Reference Characteristic for total power output measurement). 4.11 Channel of Amplification, Bridged Channels A device containing at least one set of output terminals intended to power a loud
19、speaker(s) and that may incorporate any number of input terminals. An integrated amplifier, such as the amplifier incorporated in a head-unit or other device, may not have accessible input terminals. For the purposes of CEA-2006-B, amplifier channels incorporated in devices of this type are consider
20、ed channels of amplification, nonetheless. For a multichannel amplifier, bridging of channels is a condition where two (or more) channels of amplification are connected so that the channels operate as a single channel to provide additional output power when compared to a single channel. NOTEThe outp
21、ut power of bridged channels may be stated as an additional rating when the per-channel output power rating is stated. 4.12 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) The percentage of total harmonic distortion of a sine wave of fundamental frequency, f, is numerically equal to the ratio of 100 times the squar
22、e root of the sum of the squares of the RMS voltages of each of the individual harmonics to the RMS voltage of the fundamental, expressed as a percentage. NOTEFor CEA rating purposes, all harmonics whose amplitudes exceed 10% of the amplitude of the strongest harmonic component of the fundamental fr
23、equency shall be included in the summation. 4.13 Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise (THD+N) The percentage of Total Harmonic Distortion plus Noise is defined as the sum of the total harmonic distortion and noise generated by the power amplifier, expressed as a percentage. 4.14 Power Output The Pow
24、er Output of a sinusoidal signal, expressed in watts, is the square of the output RMS voltage, measured with a voltmeter calibrated in true RMS at the power amplifiers output terminals, divided by the resistance of the load. Copyright Consumer Electronics Association Provided by IHS under license wi
25、th CEA Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 23:22:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CEA-2006-B 4 4.15 A-Weighting Filter A specific noise-weighting filter used to produce noise measurements that correlate well with human observations
26、. See IEC 60651 for details. 4.16 Clipping Clipping is the amplitude at which the output of the amplifier cannot be increased without exceeding 1% THD compared to the input signal. 4.17 Primary Ratings Primary Ratings are those ratings deemed to be most representative of the performance of mobile au
27、dio power amplifiers. Primary Ratings are Power Output with Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise and Signal-to- Noise Ratio, all measured at Reference Load and Reference Supply Voltage. Primary Ratings shall be indicated in product documentation. 4.18 Secondary Ratings Secondary Ratings are those ra
28、tings deemed to be of additional value in assessing the performance of power amplifiers when considered along with the primary ratings. Secondary Ratings are: Dynamic Power, Effective Damping Factor, Frequency Response, Maximum Input Signal, Maximum Sensitivity, Output Regulation, and Additional Pow
29、er Output Ratings. Secondary Ratings may be indicated in product documentation. 4.19 Additional Power Output Ratings Additional power output ratings are a form of secondary rating that may be included with the primary output rating to indicate power output at rated loads other than 4 and rated suppl
30、y voltages other than 14.4 V. All other test conditions shall be identical to those used to measure primary power output. 5 Primary Rating Measurements Section 5 describes the measurement requirements for the required Primary Ratings. Additional information on the disclosure of rating information ca
31、n be found at the end of CEA-2006-B. All measurements shall be made under standard operating conditions with ambient temperature approximately 25C. Where necessary for devices without external audio inputs, such as headunits, test signals may be applied inside the device at the same point in the cir
32、cuitry where the internal signal would enter or at the input audio selection (multiplexing) point. Output shall be measured at available leads or terminals and not at an internal measurement point. When measuring switch-mode power amplifiers, such as Class-D topologies, it may be necessary to includ
33、e a low pass filter between the amplifier output being measured and the measurement instrument. Many amplifiers using this technology produce output signals with slew rates that can significantly exceed the slew-rate capability of the input circuits of most measurement devices. If no filter is used,
34、 the input stage of the measurement instrument will slew-rate limit and thus become non-linear yielding inaccurate results. A suggested practice is to use a passive LCR low-pass filter to limit the slew rate to a level that is tolerable by the measurement instrument. 5.1 Primary Power Output Rating
35、The Primary Power Output Rating of an amplifier or integrated amplifier shall be the square of the minimum RMS voltage delivered by the device during a measurement duration of one minute at the reference supply voltage (14.4 V +/- 0.2 V) into the reference load (4 +/-5%) with all channel driven, acr
36、oss the emplifiers stated operating bandwidth (or, if not stated, as defined in section 5.4) while maintaining no more than 1/0% THD+N, divided by 4 . Copyright Consumer Electronics Association Provided by IHS under license with CEA Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 23:22:
37、54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CEA-2006-B 5 5.1.1 THD+N For full range and integrated amplifiers, rated THD+N shall be the greatest value of THD+N measured at the output terminals across the amplifiers operating bandwidth (defined as frequency response i
38、n Section 6.4) (limited to 20 Hz to 20 kHz). For bandwidth limited amplifiers, rated THD+N shall be the greatest value of THD+N measured at the output terminals at any frequency up to one half the published frequency response of the amplifier. When measuring THD+N, the input sensitivity setting for
39、all channels shall be 1 V RMS. The measurement shall be taken using a 22 kHz low-pass filter with a slope of no less than 12 dB per octave on the measurement equipment. The rated THD+N shall be calculated and expressed in accordance with the definition of THD+N in Section 4.13. 5.2 Signal-to-Noise R
40、atio The Signal to Noise ratio shall be measured using a 1.0 V RMS gain setting on the amplifier, with the amplifier driven to 2 V RMS (1 watt of output referenced to 4 ) using an A-weighted filter in conjunction with a low pass filter (- 240 dB/octave). The inclusion of the additional low pass filt
41、er is to prevent out of band noise from adversely affecting the in-band measurement. For this use, the additional low pass filter shall drop response to less than -60 dB by 24 kHz, with +/- 0.1 dB flatness over the passband of 10 Hz to 20 kHz. One available version of this additional low pass filter
42、 is known as an AES-17 Standard low pass filter. See AES-17. NOTEIf the amplifier under test at minimum gain setting exceeds 2 V RMS ouput, then the input audio test signal voltage may be reduced to a level below 1.0 V RMS to achieve 2 V RMS output. Upon removal of the input signal, the amplifiers i
43、nput terminals shall be shorted and the noise output measured using an A-weighted filter. The published rating shall be the lowest Signal to Noise ratio of all channels measured in the case of multi-channel amplifiers. 6 Secondary Rating Measurements Section 6 describes the measurement requirements
44、for the optional secondary ratings. Additional information on the disclosure of rating information can be found at the end of CEA- 2006-B. 6.1 Additional Power Output Ratings For disclosure of power output other than primary power output rating, measurement characteristics other than the reference s
45、upply voltage and load may be used. However, all additional ratings shall state the rated frequency, supply voltage, load, and “no more than 1% THD+N “. For example, secondary power output may be stated at 15.8 V supply voltage into a 2 load with 60 Hz input and no more than 1% THD+N. The test durat
46、ion for any additional power output ratings shall be one minute. See Section 5.1. 6.2 Dynamic Power Rating The Dynamic Power Rating of a full-bandwidth amplifier shall be the amount of power delivered during a 20 cycle burst of a 1 kHz input sinewave, while maintaining no more than 1.0% THD+N at the
47、 output. This 1 kHz signal is on for 20 cycles and rested (at 20 dB) for 480 cycles. The Dynamic Power Rating of a bandwidth limited amplifier shall be the amount of power delivered during a 20 cycle burst of a 50 Hz input sinewave, while maintaining no more than 1.0% THD+N at the output. This 50 Hz
48、 signal is on for 10 cycles and rested (at 20 dB) for 20 cycles. These ratings shall be expressed in watts into a specified load impedance. Copyright Consumer Electronics Association Provided by IHS under license with CEA Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 23:22:54 MDTNo re
49、production or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CEA-2006-B 6 6.3 Effective Damping Factor Effective low-frequency damping factor at 4 is a simplified indication of the amplifiers ability to minimize unwanted (non signal-resident) dynamic loudspeaker cone movement at the loudspeakers f