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1、Danish Standards Association DS410 E Code of Practice for Loads for the Design of Structures Norm for last p konstruktioner (1.1) UKTitel410E.1kor 19/03/04 10:59 Side 1 Descriptors: action,selfweight,imposed load,environmental action,wind,snow,ice,temperature, horizontal mass action,accidental actio
2、n,fire,impact,explosion,vertical action on air raid shelters DS 410 E:2004 Kbenhavn DS projekt: 46075 ICS 91.080.01 National foreword The prefix in the reference number of this publication is DS which means that the pub- lication has the status of Danish Standard. Degree of correspondence of this pu
3、blication: IDT with DS 410:1998 in Danish. In case of doubt with regard to the correctness of the translation into English, the Danish language version should be consulted. This publication replaces: DS 410 E:1982. Translation of DS 410: 1998 iii Contents 0 Preface 1 0.1 Coming into force of the cod
4、es 1 0.2 Interim provisions 2 0.3 Construction products 2 1 Introduction 3 1.1 General performance requirements 4 1.2 Basic concepts 4 1.3 Units 5 1.4 Symbols 5 2 Selfweight 7 3 Imposed load on buildings 8 3.1 Imposed load from persons, furniture and equipment 8 3.2 Imposed load in rooms with machin
5、ery 18 3.3 Imposed load from cranes 20 3.4 Imposed load from stored goods 20 3.5 Imposed load from installations 23 3.6 Imposed load from vehicles 24 4 Imposed load on bridges 26 5 Imposed load on harbour and dock structures 27 5.1 Imposed load on dock areas 27 5.2 Actions from ships 29 5.3 Mooring
6、and fender forces caused by wind, waves and current 30 6 Environmental action - wind 32 6.1 Wind velocity and wind pressure 35 6.2 Quasi-static response 45 6.3 Shape factors 49 6.4 Dynamic response 75 6.5 Rhythmic vortex shedding 83 7 Environmental action - snow 89 7.1 Snow load on the ground 89 7.2
7、 Snow load 91 7.3 Shape factors 92 Translation of DS 410: 1998 iv 8 Environmental action ice load in waters 102 9 Environmental action temperature 104 10 Horizontal mass action 105 11 Accidental action fire 106 11.1 Basic definitions and design principles 106 11.2 Thermal fire action 107 11.3 Nomina
8、l fire curves 108 11.4 Parametric fire curves 108 12 Accidental action collision, explosion and vertical action on air raid shelters 113 12.1 Collision action 113 12.2 Explosion action in closed rooms 115 12.3 Vertical action on floors above air raid shelters 117 13 Associated standards etc. 118 14
9、Preparation of the code 120 Annex A (informative) Gravity and specific weight 123 Subject index 135 Translation of DS 410: 1998 1 0 Preface (1) The structural design codes are: DS 409 Code of Practice for the Safety of Structures DS 410 Code of Practice for Actions for the Design of Structures DS 41
10、1 Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Concrete DS 412 Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel DS 413 Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber DS 414 Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Masonry DS 415 Code of Practice for Foundation Engineering DS 419 Code of Practice
11、for the Structural Use of Aluminium DS 420 Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Lightweight Concrete DS 446 Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Thin-Plate Steel Structures DS 451 Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Composite Structures forming a coherent, consistent set of c
12、odes based on DS 409 and DS 410. DS 409-415 have been updated as described in chapter 11 of the individual codes. DS 419, DS 420, DS 446 and DS 451 are being revised and will be published at a later date. (2) The Pan-European Eurocodes that have been in preparation for a number of years are now clos
13、e to completion. The Danish Standards Association, however, is of the opinion that it has been necessary to update the set of Danish codes of practice to adapt them to the Eurocodes, since there is still some uncertainty with regard to the time when the Eurocodes will be ready to replace the nationa
14、l codes. It is likely, however, that the present set of codes will be the last with national application only. The code text has been divided into chapters (e.g. chapter 7), sections (e.g. section 7.2) and paragraphs (e.g. paragraph 7.2.1 or 7.2.1.1). Each chapter, section or paragraph is composed o
15、f a number of clauses that are either normative or informative. The passages are consecutively numbered within each chapter, section or paragraph with a number in parenthesis. For code text, i.e. normative text (Principles) the parenthesis is followed by a P, while informative text (Application rule
16、s) has no letter, but is printed in smaller types. Tables and figures are provided with numbers identical with the number of the chapter, section or paragraph from which reference is made to the table or figure. In case of more tables or figures, the numbers are provided with lower-case letters (e.g
17、. table 3.2b). Tables and figures in informative text are preceded by a V (e.g. figure V5.4). 0.1 Approval of the code (1)P The code is approved as a Danish Standard. It replaces DS 410, 3rd edition 1982. -,-,- Translation of DS 410: 1998 2 0.2 Interim provisions (1)P The following applies to DS 409
18、, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414 and 415: For an interim period, from the publication of the first, revised structural de- sign codes up to one year after publication of all the above-mentioned, re- vised structural codes, both the previous and the new editions will be in force. During this period, design
19、of structures in accordance with the previous as well as the new editions is allowable, however an entire project shall be in accordance with either the previous or the new editions. After expiration of the interim period, only the new editions apply. (2)P On their publication, DS 419, 420, 446 and
20、451 will have a corre- sponding interim period of one year. In the period up to the publication of these codes, they shall be used together with DS 409, 1st edition 1982 and DS 410, 3rd edition 1982, notwithstanding that the other structures are con- structed in accordance with the updated structura
21、l codes. (3)P The code has been prepared on the assumption that the Construc- tion Products Directive is fully operational, i.e. the related, harmoinzed stan- dards with corresponding conformity certification systems are available. 0.3 Construction Products (1) Under paragraphs 30-36 in the European
22、 Union Treaty, construction products from other EU member states and EEA member states complying with the requirements of technical standards or specifications at the same level as the Danish standards can be marketed. Translation of DS 410: 1998 3 1 Introduction (1)P A structure is in conformity wi
23、th the structural design codes of the Danish Standards Association when it satisfies the requirements of DS (ma- terial dependent code), DS 409 Code of Practice for the Safety of Structures and DS 410 Code of Practice for Actions for the Design of Structures. (2)P The codes contain requirements whos
24、e purpose is to ensure the adequate safety and performance of load-bearing structures, including build- ings where the soil acts as a load or a load-bearing element. (3)P A code of practice is a standard, which for a predefined area lists a number of requirements aiming to ensure a proper technical
25、quality level. A code of practice is submitted to public approval ensuring widespread accep- tance of its contents. To the greatest possible extent the codified requirements are performance- based and based on knowledge of technical sciences. Generally, the code does not prescribe requirements for m
26、ethods of design and construction or physical elements. In the code text, references to Danish or international standards, e.g. concerning material qualities and test methods may be given. (4)P The codes apply to structures within the normal field of experience. There may be structures where failure
27、 will have disastrous consequences, and for such structures the requirements cannot be assumed to give adequate safety. Within the scope of the codes, special cases not covered by the codes may occur. An evaluation of whether or not a particular case is covered by the codes shall always be made. (5)
28、P To facilitate the use of the codes they are supplemented by applica- tion rules among other things giving examples of how the requirements of the codes may be satisfied. The application rules shall not be considered as codified requirements. (6) Application rules can be distinguished from the code
29、 text (principles) by the ty- pography as shown here and as mentioned in chapter 0, Preface. Translation of DS 410: 1998 4 (7)P The rules and provisions of the codes shall be assessed and applied in accordance with the purpose of the codes with due consideration to the development within their field
30、 of application. It is therefore assumed that the users of the code have the necessary technical knowledge. (8)P The code text does not contain references to laws, instructions or circulars etc. Such references may in exceptional cases appear in the applica- tion rules. It is assumed that users of t
31、he code have the necessary knowledge of legal and other external rules significant to the practical application of the codes. (9)P Deviation from the requirements of the codes is permitted when the soundness of such deviation can be substantiated. (10)P Questions as to the interpretation of the code
32、s are to be settled by the Planning Committee for safety and Load (PLU 03) of the Danish Stan- dards Association. 1.1 General performance requirements (1)P The code comprises general actions, but it does not apply to all ac- tions and thus all special cases are not included. Therefore, in each case
33、a judgement has to be made whether or not an action is covered by the code. (2)P For safety evaluation, action combinations and corresponding partial safety fac- tors, reference is made to DS 409 Code of Practice for the safety of structures. 1.2 Basic concepts 1)P Permanent action, variable action
34、and accidental action are defined in DS 409. (2)P Permanent action includes for example selfweight due to the weight of perma- nent structural members and permanently acting earth and water pressures. Translation of DS 410: 1998 5 Selfweight on a structural member comprises the weight of the structu
35、ral member itself as well as the weight of permanently present masses carried by the structural member con- cerned. (3)P Variable action comprises imposed load and environmental action: Unless otherwise stated, imposed load is load from persons, furniture, equipment, machines, stored goods, installa
36、tions and vehicles In the present code environmental action comprises wind action, snow load, ice load and action induced by temperature effects. (4) In the present code accidental action comprises collision action, explosion ac- tion and thermal fire action: In the present code collision action com
37、prises actions on structures due to collision by vehicles. Explosion action comprises actions due to explosions. Vertical action on air raid shelters is a vertical action which should be considered to act on air raid shelters in addition to the permanent action and the total imposed load. Thermal fi
38、re action is a thermal action caused by fire. (5) Horizontal mass action comprises action taken into account to ensure the strength and stability of a building structure against unintentional horizontal actions. (6)P Weight density is the weight per unit volume. The volume includes pores, if any, an
39、d other cavities. 1.3 Units (1)P The SI-system (Systme International dUnits), cf. DS/ISO 31/0 and DS/ISO 1000 is used. 1.4 Symbols (1)P The notation used in the codes is in conformity with DS/ISO 3898. (2)P Special symbols for the individual materials and uses are given in the relevant structural co
40、des. (3)P In the present code the following symbols are used: Translation of DS 410: 1998 6 a distance c shape factor F action g selfweight per unit area or unit length h height Q variable concentrated action q variable action per unit area or unit length s snow load per unit area angle weight densi
41、ty temperature angle of internal friction or impact factor action combination factor (ratio between combination value and characteristic action value) Subscripts: d design dir direction e external i internal k characteristic m 10 minute mean value max maximum min minimum p pressure ref reference sea
42、son seasonal Translation of DS 410: 1998 7 2 Selfweight (1)P The characteristic values of selfweight are determined from the weight densities of the materials, see annex A, and the dimensions specified in the project material. (2)P The weight of partitions and flooring is permanent action. Self- wei
43、ght from non load-bearing partitions and flooring with screeds, if any, is considered as free action. (3)P Actions on flooring derived from non load-bearing partitions is de- termined on the basis of their actual location. (4)P Action from light partitions, however, is assumed to be equivalent to a
44、vertical, uniformly distributed action. Light partitions are defined as non load-bearing walls satisfying the following two conditions: the total weight of the walls per m2 of the wall area does not ex- ceed 1.5 kN/m2 the total weight of the walls per m of the wall length does not ex- ceed 4.0 kN/m.
45、 (5)P The characteristic value of the equivalent action for light partitions shall at least be taken as the highest of the following three values: 0.5 kN/m2 weight of the walls per m2 of the wall area action from the combined weight of all light partitions placed on the actual floor area divided by
46、the floor area. (6) For determination of earth and water pressures refer to DS 415 Code of Practice for Foundation Engineering. Translation of DS 410: 1998 8 3 Imposed load on buildings (1)P Imposed load is taken as free action unless otherwise specified. 3.1 Imposed load from persons, furniture and
47、 equipment (1)P The values given in the following for loads deriving from persons, furniture and equipment are assumed to be equivalent to the following im- posed loads: a vertical, uniformly distributed action q a vertical concentrated action Q, which is assumed to be distrib- uted over an area of
48、maximum 0,1 m 0,1 m. (2)P The vertical concentrated action may act on any structural member, but not at the same time as the uniformly distributed action. (3)P The characteristic values of the actions q and Q as well as the ac- tion combination factors shall at least be put equivalent to the values
49、given in the following. (4) The stated division into categories in 3.1.1-3.1.6 corresponds to the division in DS/ENV 1991-2-1, Eurocode 1, Densities, selfweight and imposed loads. Some of the specified action values deviate from the values of the Eurocode. 3.1.1 Floors 3.1.1.1 Attics and roof spaces (1)P Attics and spaces under roofs are rooms which due to the height or access conditions can be assumed to be exposed to small actions (e.g. rooms above the lower chord