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1、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2005 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1995. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.
2、S. Patent however, the values quoted have been found to be practical and are commonly used. The frequency of the tests will vary depending upon the type, size, age, and operating his- tory of the unit. It is recommended that the user of the power apparatus establish a maintenance schedule based on t
3、hese conditions and on original equipment manufacturer recommendations. The test results obtained during the periodic checks should be systematically led in order to provide a diagnostic data base. This guide was rst published as IEE Std 62-1958, Recommended Guide for Making Dielectric Measure- ment
4、s in the Field. It was revised and republished as IEEE Std 62-1978, Guide for Field Testing Power Apparatus Insulation. This present revision contains more detailed descriptions of test procedures than the previous editions and also includes guidance covering visual inspection. It will therefore be
5、published in dif- ferent parts with each part covering a specic type of power apparatus. This revision was prepared by the Diagnostic Testing Working Group under the sponsorship of the IEEE Power System Instrumentation and Measurements Committee with signicant contributions from the IEEE Transformer
6、s Committee. The information in annex B is copyrighted by the Doble Engineering Company and used with permission. At the time this guide was completed, the Diagnostic Testing Working Group had the following membership: David Train, Chair R. L. AlmonteH. R. GnerlichE. So R. L. BarkerB. R. HughesE. Th
7、omson P. W. BrunsonJ. J. KellyG. Trinh R. ConnelW. McDermidR. A. Veitch J. C. DrotosM. MeyerT. R. Wait D. T. DumpertP. OdamD. Ward M. FriedlandR. ReidR. T. Ward F. Richens Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Techn
8、ical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/21/2007 12:12:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iv The following persons were on the balloting committee: J. M. BellangerJ. A. KiseP. H. Reynolds A. James BraunS. R. KnudsenR.L. Richardson J. M. CarrJ. KuffelH.
9、 M. Schneider L. CoffeenWilliam LarzelereJ. C. Smith S. W. CramptonD. W. LenkE. So V. DagrosaDan McAuliffGary E. Stemler Gerlad J. FitzpartickJ. McBridgeDavid Train E. HaniqueTerry R. McCombRaymond S. Turgel Robert E. HebnerH. M. MillicanR. A. Veitch Robert HopkinsJ. H. MoranC. von Herrmann Harold K
10、irkhamO. PetersonsBarry H. Ward R. Reid When the IEEE Standards Board approved this guide on March 16, 1995, it had the following membership: E. G. Al Kiener, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A. BarilRichard J. HollemanMarco W. Migliaro Clyde R. CampJim IsaakMary
11、 Lou Padgett Joseph A. CannatelliBen C. JohnsonJohn W. Pope Stephen L. DiamondSonny KasturiArthur K. Reilly Harold E. EpsteinLorraine C. KevraGary S. Robinson Donald C. FleckensteinIvor N. KnightIngo Rusch Jay Forster*Joseph L. Koepnger*Chee Kiow Tan Donald N. HeirmanD. N. Jim LogothetisLeonard L. T
12、ripp L. Bruce McClung *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal Richard B. Engelman Robert E. Hebner Chester C. Taylor Kim Breitfelder IEEE Standards Associate Project Editor Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi
13、neers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/21/2007 12:12:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- v Contents CLAUSEPAGE 1.Overview 1 1.1 Scope 1 2.References 1 3.Definitions 3 4.Diagnostic c
14、hart. 4 5.Safety. 4 5.1 General. 4 5.2 Personnel 4 5.3 Apparatus. 6 6.Tests and test techniques 7 6.1 Windings 7 6.2 Bushings. 27 6.3 Insulating fluids (transformer-grade mineral oil) 29 6.4 Tap changers 40 6.5 Core 43 6.6 Tanks and associated devices. 45 ANNEX Annex A(informative) Power factor meas
15、urements. 53 Annex B(informative) Bushings 56 Annex C(informative) Infrared temperature measurements 58 Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/21/2007 12:12:34 MDTN
16、o reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 1 IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power ApparatusPart 1: Oil Filled Power Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide describes diagnostic tests and measurements that are performed i
17、n the eld on oil-immersed power transformers and regulators. Whenever possible, shunt reactors are treated in a similar manner to transformers. The tests are presented systematically in categories depending on the subsystem of the unit being examined. A diagnostic chart is included as an aid to iden
18、tifying the various subsystems. Additional information is provided regarding specialized test and measuring techniques. Interpretive discussions are also included in several areas to provide additional insight on the particular test, or to provide guidance on acceptance criteria. These discussions a
19、re based on the authors judgement of accepted practice. It should be noted that sometimes the results of several types of tests should be interpreted together to diagnose a problem. Manufacturers acceptance criteria should also be consulted as it may take precedence over the criteria in this guide.
20、2. References This guide shall be used in conjunction with the following publications. When the following standards are superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply. ASTM D 117-89, Guide to Test Methods and Specications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin. 1 ASTM D 877
21、-87, Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes. ASTM D 923-91, Test Method for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids. ASTM D 924-92(b), Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical I
22、nsulating Liquids. 1 ASTM publications are available from the Customer Service Department, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=
23、NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/21/2007 12:12:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std 62-1995IEEE GUIDE FOR DIAGNOSTIC FIELD TESTING OF ELECTRIC POWER APPARATUS 2 ASTM D 971-91, Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against
24、Water by the Ring Method. ASTM D 974-92, Test Method for Neutralization Number by Color-Indicator Titration. ASTM D 1298-85 (Reaff 1990), Practice for Density, Relative Density (Specic Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method. ASTM D 1500-91, Tes
25、t Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale). ASTM D 1524-84 (Reaff 1990), Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Oils of Petro- leum Origin in the Field. ASTM D 1533-88, Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids (Karl Fischer Method). ASTM D 1698-84 (Reaff
26、 1990), Sediment and Soluble Sludge in Service-Aged Insulating Oils. ASTM D 1816-84a (Reaff 1990), Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE Electrodes. ASTM D 2285-85 (Reaff 1990), Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Electrical Insulat
27、ing Oils of Petro- leum Origin Against Water by the Drop-Weight Method. ASTM D 3487-88 (Reaff 1993), Specication for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus. ASTM D 3612-93, Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography. ASTM D 3613-92, Te
28、st Methods of Sampling Electrical Insulating Oils for Gas Analysis and Determination of Water Content. ASTM D 4059-91, Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography. ASTM F 855-90, Specication for Temporary Grounding Systems to be Used on De-Energi
29、zed Power Lines and Equipment. IEEE Std 4-1995, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing. 2 IEEE Std 510-1983 (Reaff 1992), IEEE Recommended Practices for Safety in High-Voltage and High- Power Testing (ANSI). 3 IEEE Std 637-1985 (Reaff 1992), IEEE Guide for the Reclamation of Insulating Oi
30、l and Criteria for Its Use (ANSI). IEEE Std C57.12.00-1993, IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers (ANSI). 2 As this standard goes to press, IEEE Std 4-1995 is approved but not yet published. The draft standard is, however, available f
31、rom the IEEE. Anticipated publication date is September 1995. Contact the IEEE Standards Department at 1 (908) 562-3800 for status information. 3 IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA.
32、Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/21/2007 12:12:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE PART 1: OIL FILLED POWER TRAN
33、SFORMERS, REGULATORS, AND REACTORSStd 62-1995 3 IEEE Std C57.12.80-1978 (Reaff 1992), IEEE Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers (ANSI). IEEE Std C57.12.90-1993, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regu- lating Transformers and IEEE Guide for S
34、hort-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers (ANSI). IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991, IEEE General Requirements and Test Procedures for Outdoor Power Apparatus Bushings (ANSI). IEEE Std C57.19.100-1995, IEEE Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings. 4 IEEE Std C57.104-1991, IEEE Guid
35、e for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers (ANSI). IEEE Std C57.106-1991, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (ANSI). IEEE Std C57.113-1991, IEEE Guide for Partial Discharge Measurement in Liquid-Filled Power Trans- formers and Shunt
36、 Reactors. 3. Denitions 3.1 apparent charge (terminal charge): That charge that, if it could be injected instantaneously between the terminals of the test object, would momentarily change the voltage between its terminals by the same amount as the partial discharge itself. The apparent charge should
37、 not be confused with the charge transferred across the discharging cavity in the dielectric medium. Apparent charge, within the terms of this guide, is expressed in coulombs (C). One pC is equal to 10 12 C. 3.2 bushing (power and distribution transformer): An insulating structure including a centra
38、l conductor, or providing a central passage for a conductor, with provision for mounting on a barrier, conducting or other- wise, for the purpose of insulating the conductor from the barrier and conducting current from one side of the barrier to the other. 3.3 diagnostic eld tests and measurements (
39、power apparatus): Procedures that are performed on site on the complete apparatus or parts thereof in order to determine its suitability for service. NOTEThe parameters measured differ from apparatus to apparatus and may include electrical, mechanical, chemical, thermal, etc., quantities. Interpreta
40、tion of the results is usually based on a change in the measured characteristics and/or by comparison with pre-established criteria. The tests are normally carried out at regular intervals based on users expe- rience and/or manufacturers recommendations. These tests may also be performed on defectiv
41、e apparatus in order to determine the location and/or cause of failure. 3.4 dissipation factor (dielectric): The cotangent of the phase angle between a sinusoidal voltage applied across a dielectric (or combinations of dielectrics) and the resulting current through the dielectric system. 3.5 partial
42、 discharge (PD): Electric discharge that only partially bridges the insulation between conductors. 3.6 power factor (dielectric): The cosine of the phase angle between a sinusoidal voltage applied across a dielectric (or combinations of dielectrics) and the resulting current through the dielectric s
43、ystem. For denitions of other terms concerning transformers see IEEE Std C57.12.80-1978. 5 4 As this standard goes to press, IEEE Std C57.19.100-1995 is approved but not yet published. The draft standard is, however, available from the IEEE. Anticipated publication date is September 1995. Contact th
44、e IEEE Standards Department at 1 (908) 562-3800 for status information. 5 Information on references can be found in clause 2. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04
45、/21/2007 12:12:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std 62-1995IEEE GUIDE FOR DIAGNOSTIC FIELD TESTING OF ELECTRIC POWER APPARATUS 4 4. Diagnostic chart For the purpose of this guide, the diagnostic tests are described with reference to principle categori
46、es of systems that constitute the transformer (e.g., windings, bushings, insulating uids, tap changers, core, tanks, and associated devices). For each category, the quantities measured are shown in the diagnostic test chart (gure 1) for ease of reference. In some cases further subdivision is necessa
47、ry. Not all the tests are necessarily performed by any single user. In addition, the specic tests carried out vary according to the regular practice of the user and may depend on the history of the apparatus. The establishment of benchmark values on a new piece of electrical equipment is very import
48、ant when considering evaluation of future test results. Benchmark values are the rst measurements taken on a piece of new or used equipment. Subsequent test results from tests on the same unit or from similar tests on similar equipment, when compared to these initial values and similar tests on simi
49、lar equipment, may indicate a trend. 5. Safety 5.1 General Considerations of safety in electrical testing apply not only to personnel but also to the test equipment and apparatus being tested. The following guidelines cover many of the fundamentally important procedures that have been found to be practi