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1、ARP5365 Issued1999-01 Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic Information 1.SCOPE: This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for cockpit display of traffic information systems. The
2、visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and traffic depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementa
3、tion, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address both near and far term technology directed toward providing in flight traffic awareness, although the present version remains primarily focused on near term applications. Since this
4、 document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and requirements. The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations contained in this document include: the system
5、is an airborne (flight deck based) system displaying traffic surveillance information to the flight crew; multiple sources of surveillance data will be used, when available, to provide the flight crew with the best available information; the system will have a human centered design based on the “les
6、sons learned” from past systems; the system is not intended to replace the current Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance (TCAS) function, but there will be a close relationship between the CDTI and the alerting system since both use the same sensors, and the display of the generated alerts and comma
7、nd information is generally considered a CDTI function; there will be pilot in the loop/manual involvement in any flight path changes; information will be accessible by appropriate flight crew members; the system will be based on the English language, but other languages may have to be considered; t
8、he system will address all fixed wing airplane types; the system will be operational full time in all airborne flight phases; the display function may be stand alone or part of a multi-function display; initial design will provide for upgradability and expansion; it will be properly integrated with
9、other display functions and will not interfere with critical functions; the system may be capable of presenting additional traffic outside the range and capability of TCAS; and this document will not deal with the presentation of man made obstructions (e.g., towers or buildings) even though they may
10、 be equipped with an ADS-B transmitter. AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability fo
11、r any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008
12、 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel:
13、 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org Reaffirmed 2008-02 SAE ARP5365 - 2 - 2.REFERENCES: The documents listed in 2.1 are referenced for guidance in this document. The documents listed i
14、n 2.2 are provided for information purposes only and do not form a part of the recommendations of this document. A bibliography of literature relevant to this document is presented in Section 10. 2.1Applicable Documents: The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified
15、 herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. No
16、thing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. AS264Instrument and Cockpit lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft ARP268Locati
17、on and Actuation of Flight Deck Controls for Transport Aircraft AS425CNomenclature and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight Deck ARP571Flight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport Aircraft ARP1068Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display Criteria and Associate
18、d Controls for Transport Aircraft ARP1093Numeral, Letter, and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument Displays ARP1161Crew Station Lighting - Commercial Aircraft ARP1782Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Direct View CRT Displays ARP1874Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Pa
19、rt 25 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4032Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft Displays ARP4033Pilot-System Integration ARP4101Core Document, Flight Deck Layout and Facilities ARP4101/2Pilot Visibility from the Flight Deck ARP4102Core Document, Flight Deck Pane
20、ls, Controls and Displays ARP4102/4Flight Deck Alerting Systems ARP4102/7Electronic Displays ARP4102/7Appendix A Electronic Display Symbology for EADI/PFD ARP4102/7Appendix B Electronic Display Symbology for EHSI/ND ARP4102/7Appendix C Electronic Display Symbology for Engine Displays ARP4105Abbrevia
21、tions and Acronyms for Use on the Flight Deck ARP4107Aerospace Glossary for Human Factors Engineers ARP4153Human Interface Criteria for Collision Avoidance Systems in Transport Aircraft -,-,- SAE ARP5365 - 3 - 2.1.1 (Continued): ARP4256Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Trans
22、port) Aircraft ARP4260Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Direct View Flat Panel Displays (when approved) AS8034Minimum Performance Standards for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays 2.1.2FAA Publications: Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independ
23、ence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591. FAA-RD-81-38IIAircraft Alerting System Standardization Study: Volume II Aircraft Alerting System Design Guidelines (Berson, et al.,1981) DOT/FAA/PS-89/1Flight Status Monitor Design Guidelines (Anderson, et al. 1989) 2.2Regulatory Publications: FAA AC-23.1309-1A
24、Equipment, Systems, and Installations in Part 23 Airplane FAA AC-23.1311-1Installation of Electronic Display Instrument Systems In Part 23 Airplanes FAA AC 25-11Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display Systems FAA Ac-25.1309-1ASystem Design Analysis FAR Part 23Airworthiness Standards: Normal,
25、Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes FAR Part 25/Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes JAR Part 25 FAR Part 27Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft TSO-C113Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays -,-,- SAE ARP5365 - 4 - 3.GLOSSARY: 3.1Acronyms and Ab
26、breviations: ACAdvisory Circular ACASAirborne Collision Avoidance System ADIAttitude Direction Indicator ADS-BAutomatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast AGLAbove Ground Level ARPAerospace Recommended Practice (SAE) ATC Air Traffic Control ATMAir Traffic Management A/VAircraft/Vehicle CDTICockpit Dis
27、play of Traffic Information CNSCommunications, Navigation and Surveillance CPAClosest Point of Approach EADIElectronic Attitude Direction Indicator EHSIElectronic Horizontal Situation Indicator FAAFederal Aviation Administration FARFederal Aviation Regulation FMSFlight Management System GNSSGlobal N
28、avigation Satellite System GPSGlobal Positioning System HUDHead Up Display HzHertz ICAOInternational Civil Aviation Organization IFRInstrument Flight Rules ILSInstrument Landing System IMCInstrument Meteorological Conditions INSInertial Navigation System ITCIn-Trail Climb ITDIn-Trail Descent JAAJoin
29、t Aviation Authority JARJoint Aviation Requirements MASPSMinimum Aviation System Performance Standards MFDMulti-Functional Display MHzMegahertz MOPSMinimum Operational Performance Standards MSLMean Sea Level NASNational Airspace System PFDPrimary Flight Display RAResolution Advisory RnavArea Navigat
30、ion RTCARadio Technical Commission for Aeronautics RVSMReduced Vertical Separation Minimum -,-,- SAE ARP5365 - 5 - 3.1 (Continued): SAESociety of Automotive Engineers, Inc TATraffic Advisory TCASTraffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TISTraffic Information Service UATUniversal Access Terminal
31、VDLVHF Data Link VHFVery High Frequency VFRVisual Flight Rules VMCVisual Meteorological Conditions 3.2Definition of Terms: ABSOLUTE ALTITUDE: Aircraft altitude referenced to mean sea level (QNH). Typically referred to as barometric corrected altitude. ACCURACY: A measure of the difference between th
32、e reported A/V position as compared to the true position. Accuracy is usually defined in statistical terms of either: (1) a mean (bias) and a variation about the mean as defined by the standard deviation (sigma) or (2) root mean square (rms) value from the mean. The values given in this document are
33、 in terms of the two sigma variation from an assumed zero mean error. AIRBORNE COLLISION: This occurs when two aircraft that are in flight come into contact. The word “collision” is not an antonym of the word “separation”, as separation criteria are typically defined to create a significant zone aro
34、und each aircraft which must not be entered for “separation” to be guaranteed. As such, airborne collisions are subsets of airborne conflicts. AIRBORNE CONFLICT: This occurs when two aircraft that are in flight come closer together than specified separation criteria. An airborne conflict does not ne
35、cessarily result in a an airborne collision; however, it does represent a situation considered hazardous, from which a collision may be possible without sufficient warning for a suitable pilot reaction. AIRCRAFT/VEHICLE (A/V): Either (1) a machine or service capable of atmospheric flight, or (2) a v
36、ehicle on the airport surface movement area. AIRPLANE STATE: The variables required to fully describe the dynamic behavior of an airplane and to predict this behavior into the future. These variables include, speed, flight path vector, attitude (pitch and roll), and horizontal track. Aircraft state
37、is often represented as a state vector, which comprises the minimum number of values required to fully specify the state; from the state vector, related values such as angle of attack, flight path angle and sideslip can be derived. AIR MASS DATA: Air mass data includes all aircraft sensor informatio
38、n which measures or is derived from the aircraft-local properties of the atmosphere. Direct measurements include air temperature, pressure, humidity and density; derived measurements include barometric corrected altitude (QNH), vertical speed and computed airspeed. -,-,- SAE ARP5365 - 6 - 3.2 (Conti
39、nued): AIRSPACE: In the most general sense, airspace refers to the atmosphere in which aircraft operate, extending upwards from the surface of the earth. However, the term airspace also commonly denotes the spatial boundaries used to define areas restricted to civilian flight and to subdivide the ai
40、rspace into areas controllable by individual air traffic controllers. These airspace boundaries add a constraint to aircraft operations by limiting acceptable aircraft flight paths. ALERT: A visual, auditory or tactile stimulus presented to attract the flight crews attention and convey some informat
41、ion concerning an event/situation. AURAL ALERT: Discrete tone/sound used for attention getting. AVAILABILITY: Is the probability that a function is up and able to perform were it called on. BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE: Geopotential altitude in the earths atmosphere above mean standard sea level pressure dat
42、um plane, measured by a pressure (barometric) altimeter. BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE ERROR: For a given true barometric pressure, P0, the error is the difference between the transmitted pressure altitude and the altitude determined using a standard temperature and pressure model with P0. CAUTION: Non-normal
43、 operational or aircraft system conditions that require immediate flight crew awareness and subsequent corrective or compensatory flight crew action. CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH (CPA): The minimum horizontal distance between two aircraft during a close proximity encounter, also know as miss distance.
44、CLUTTER: Clutter refers to the negative impact of poorly organized and crowded displays. It generally results in reduced display legibility, and/or in increases in the time needed to locate information on the display. COCKPIT DISPLAY OF TRAFFIC INFORMATION (CDTI): A Cockpit Display of Traffic Inform
45、ation (CDTI) is a generic display that provides the flight crew with surveillance information about other aircraft, including their position. Traffic information for a CDTI may be obtained from one or multiple sources (including ADS-B, TCAS, and TIS) and it may be used for a variety of purposes. Any
46、 means of communicating the information is acceptable (aural, graphical, head-up, etc.) as long as the information is conveyed effectively. Requirements for CDTI information will vary based on intended use of the data (i.e., application). COLLISION AVOIDANCE: A maneuver taken to avoid a collision. C
47、OLOR VALUE: The attribute of a color that allows it to be classed on a scale from very dark to very light (brightness is a perception that results from surface luminance and is a property of the object itself and of the light illuminating it). -,-,- SAE ARP5365 - 7 - 3.2 (Continued): CONFLICT: Any s
48、ituation involving two or more aircraft, or an aircraft and an airspace, or an aircraft and ground terrain, in which the applicable separation minima may be violated. CONFLICT AVOIDANCE: A maneuver taken to resolve a conflict. CONFLICT DETECTION: The process of projecting an aircrafts trajectory to
49、determine whether it is probable that the applicable separation minimum will not be maintained between the aircraft and another aircraft or vehicle. The level of uncertainty in the projection is reduced with increased knowledge about the situation, including aircraft capabilities, flight plan, short term intent informati