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1、Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society,Different perspectives Political system The relationship between politics and economics Political economy in the 21st century Current differences of perspectives,Australia,Introduction: Different perspectives,commitment to difference澳大利亚人承认相互差异,Different per
2、spectives,Debate,Different parties,results,The formation of the Australian political system,The formation of the Australian political system,Washminster form of polity: a mixture of US Washington system of government and the British, Westminster system.,A “Washminster” form of polity,Washminster,Was
3、hington,Westminster,The comparison and contrast between UK and Austalia,Queen Prime minister UK Parliament Two houses Cabinet,Governor-general Prime minister Australian parliament Two houses Cabinet,Governor-general in Australia,Quentin Alice Louise Bryce,The government,Three-tier system 1.the Austr
4、alian parliament at federal level 2.six state governments 3.about 900 local government bodies,澳大利亚议会权力中心：The prime minster and his cabinet,Political System,1. Constitutional Monarchy VS Republicanism 2. Parliamentary system VS Presidential System 3. Unitary State VS Federal State,Constitutional Mona
5、rchy VS Republicanism,Constitutional monarchy: 君主立宪制 The monarch has the supreme power in the country. Republicanism: 民主共和制 The supreme power is invested in the people.,Parliamentary System VS Presidential System,Parliamentary System:议会制 The executive branch of government is dependent on the direct
6、or indirect support of the legislative branch. Presidential System: 总统制 The executive branch is elected separately from the legislative.,Unitary State VS Federal State,Unitary State: 单一制国家 The local government is subordinate to the central government. Federal State: 联邦制国家 The self-governing status o
7、f the component states is constitutionally entrenched保证 and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.,Political System,Political System in Australia,Australia is a constitutional monarchy. parliamentary democracy. federal state.,The Australia Constitution,The Australia C
8、onstitution came into effect when the six colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.,The constitution can only be changed by referendum. Only the majority of the voters and the majority of states approved, the constitution can formally be altered by the High Court of Australia
9、.,The Legislative Branch,The Australian Federal Parliament consists of 1.The Queen (Governor-General) 2.The Senate 3.The House of Representatives.,The Senate/the Upper House,An elected house,Equal members of senators from each state,Senators from the states: six-year term Senators from the territori
10、es: three-year term,The House of Representatives the Lower House,An elected house,Seats are divided according to population.,Elections are held every three years,The parliament,Two houses the House of Representative, or the Lower House the Senate, or the Upper House If there is disagreement between
11、the House of Representative and the Senate, then the Governor-General can call a “double dissolution”双解散: both House of Parliament are stood down and there is an early general election.,The Major Political Parties,The Australian Labor Party (oldest) The Liberal Party National Party国家党 Each party set
12、s out a party programme a set of principles and policies that align with those principles. Citizens ultimately control the government through the electoral system,The systems advantages,The difference between the two party programmes means that citizens can choose, at each election, which set of pol
13、icies they would prefer to be enacted over the following three years of government.,Julia Gillard,The systems advantages,The system secures transparency and thus accountability. Citizens can exert their power between elections through their membership of major interest groups.,The systems advantages
14、,Pluralism provides for a ready made alternative government as the major Opposition party comprises not only back-benchers后座议员，即普通议员，but also “shadow ministers” and a “shadow cabinet”, who are sufficiently informed about current aspects of their shadow portfolios部长职 for the opposition to be competen
15、t to take over should any government collapse klps .,The system of compulsory,However, there is no law saying that citizens cannot spoil their vote so casting a vote per se,p:sei, -si:本身 is not compulsory.,at each election all citizens of voting age (over 18 years) must attend their local electoral
16、station.,The relationship between the economic and political sphere,Pinciple of Liberal System The economy The control of the government The decreasing of the control,government,market,free,intervention,“Free market” system,people,people,people,people,people,people,people,people,Iron, nickle,Agricul
17、ture(foundation),economy,HHHHH,Long wool boom(1820s-1830s) Gold rush(1850s),Government control,During the last decades of 19th century to the post world war period,domestic Infranstructures（基础设施）in peoples life. education、railway、sewerage works(污水处理厂)、communications,HHHH,HHHH,HHHHHH,HHHHHH,internati
18、onal Tariff protection(关税) Harvester Judgement(arbitration system) White Australia Policy(labour migration programmes),NO,Tariff Unemployment levels rose considerably,unemployment,The dismentaling of the governments involvement in the economy,Tariff rates? lowering The foreign exchange markets were
19、deregulated解除管制,reducing the ABCs dependence upon government funding,ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation),The Australian Political Economy in the 21st Century,Is the loss of the “social capital” a necessary cost?,“social capital”:,The public spending on education, health and the public broadcas
20、ter.,Different opinions,The Coalition,Labour Party,Economic rationalism; Should make an balanced budget,Economic managerialism; focus more on the balance between social and economic aspects of Australian life,Labour Government time,Major factors affected Australian politics: The government was retur
21、ned on its promises to revoke撤回 some of the transfers of power away from the workers. Economies around the world experienced the G.F.C.（the global financial crisis) Government around the world have had to consider the consequences of climate change. A continued military and diplomatic commitment to
22、the USA but also an extension of commitment to other political economies, especially those in the Asian-Pacific Region.,Made major government investments in education, health, communication and the environment.,To counteract the effects of both the G.F.C.and of environmental pollution.,The governmen
23、t has increased its role in the market especially the labor market.,In debt,Make the mining corporations pay higher taxes on their profits.,controversies,The “social capital” cost,The taxes,Australian politics is based on managing conflict by recognising the value of difference and debate.,Current d
24、ifferences of perspectives,to balance three contradictory political economic programs:,1.to run a profitable economy with little interference by the state 2. to invest in human capital 3. to prevent inequalities of a “free market“ becoming too socially divisive,Citizen welfare Environment problem (t
25、he 3rd political perspective ) ,conclusion,Differences-based country different perspectives Political system cabinet, parliament, parties and vote The relationship between politics and economy involvements of government changes with the time Political economy different opinions Current changes and problems,