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1、Teammates: 091000317 陈静 091000318 王美云 091000319 李志珍 091000333 陈冬冬,2013.3.22,Benjamin Franklin （1706-1790）,Born : January 17, 1706 (Boston, Massachusetts Bay, British America ) Died: April 17, 1790 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States ) Nationality: American Profession:author, printer, satirist
2、（讽刺 作家）, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor,civic activist, statesman, soldier，diplomat Signature :,Benjamin Franklin,One of the Founding Fathers of the United States,Introduction, Boston Latin School(not graduate), As a printer: The New-England Courant (the first truly
3、independent newspaper in the colonies), As a typesetter ,clerk, shopkeeper and bookkeeper in Philadelphia, Created the Junto (a group of “like minded aspiring artisans and Tradesmen who hoped to improve themselves while they improved their community”. The Junto was a discussion group of issues of th
4、e day: it subsequently gave rise to many organizations in Philadelphia.), Library Company of Philadelphia, Publisher of a newspaper called The Pennsylvania Gazette(The Gazette gave Franklin a forum for agitation about a variety of local reforms and initiatives through printed essays and observations
5、. Over time, his commentary,and his adroit cultivation of a positive image as an industrious and intellectual young man, earned him a great deal of social respect.),Early Experiences,achievements,Success as an inventor and scientist,Lightning rod (避雷针),Glass armonica （玻璃琴）,Franklin stove（富兰克林暖炉）,Bif
6、ocal glasses（双焦点眼镜）,Urinary catheter （导尿管）,inventions,Contributions to Science,Atlantic Ocean currents,Electricity,Wave theory of light,Concept of cooling,Temperatures effect on electrical conductivity,Oceanography findings,Success as a politician, 1785 returned Philadlphia and became the sixth Pres
7、ident of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennysylvania, 1736 created the Union Fire Company, 1749 became a Justice of the Peace for Philadelphia, 1751 opened The Academy and College of Philadelphia, 1751 established Pennsylvania Hopsital, 1753 both Harvard and Yale awarded hime honorary degrees, 17
8、56 became a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce, 1775 was elected the first United States Postmaster General, 1776 a delegate to the Second Continental Congress and drafted the Declaration of Independence独立宣言, 1776 was dispatched to France as commisioner for
9、the United States,Success as an author,Poor Richards Almanack 1733,The Way to Wealth 1758,The Autobiography 1791,Representative works,Part Four: this section is very brief (about political advocations),Part Three: discussing “the Rise and Progress of Franklin Philosophical Reputation,The Autobiograp
10、hy,Part One: letters to his son,Part Two: giving a more detailed account of his public library plan,influences,Virtue and beliefs Death and legacy,Comments,“Franklins autobiography is one of the greatest autobiographies in literature, and towers over other autobiographies as Franklin towered over ot
11、her men.“ - William Dean Howells in 1905,Franklins Autobiography has received widespread praise, both for its historical value as a record of an important early American and for its literary style. It is often considered the first American book to be taken seriously by Europeans as literature.,Frank
12、lins style of writing was clear and even plain in his time, but for modern readers, it is a bit hard to read. His style is rather formal, but the organization of his material is informal. His writing is full of his humor and satire讽刺.,Writing style,1. TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness; drink not to el
13、evation. 2. SILENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. 3. ORDER. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. 4. RESOLUTION. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. 5. FRUGALITY. M
14、ake no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing. 6. INDUSTRY. Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.,Extract,7. SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. 8. JUSTICE. Wr
15、ong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. 9. MODERATION. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve. 10. CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation. 11. TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accid
16、ents common or unavoidable. 12. CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or anothers peace or reputation. 13. HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.,1.节制：食不可过饱，饮不得过量。 2.缄默：避免无聊闲扯，言谈必须对人有益。3.秩序：生活物品要放置有序，工作时间要合理安排。 4.决心：要做之事就下决心去做，
17、决心做的事一定要完成。 5.节俭：不得浪费，任何花费都要有益，不论是于人于己。 6.勤勉：珍惜每一刻时间，去除一切不必要之举，勤做有益之事。 7.真诚：不损害他人，不使用欺骗手段。考虑事情要公正合理，说话要依据真实情况。 8.正义：不提损人利己，履行应尽的义务。 9.中庸：避免任何极端倾向，尽量克制报复心理。 10清洁：身体、衣着和居所要力求清洁。 11.平静：戒除不必要的烦恼。也就是指那些琐事、常见的和不可避免的不顺利的事情。 12.贞节：少行房事，决不使身体虚弱，生活贫乏，除非为了健康或后代的需要。不可损坏自 己或他人的声誉或者安宁。 13.谦逊：以耶稣和苏格拉底为榜样。,p28 line
18、2,I determined to give a weeks strict attention to each of the virtues successively. Thus, in the first week, my great guard was to every the least offence against Temperance; leaving the other virtues to their ordinary chance, only marking every evening the faults of the day. Thus, if in the first
19、week I could keep my first line marked T. clear of spots, I supposed the habit of that virtue so much strengthened, and its opposite weakened, that I might venture extending my attention to include the next, and for the following week keep both lines clear of spots.,我决定给与每一项美德一个星期的严格注意，如此轮流替换。这样，在第一
20、星期中，我密切预防关于节制的任何极细微的过失。其他的美德让它们像平时一样，只是每晚记下有关的过失。这样，假如在第一个星期中，我能使写着“节制”的第一行里没有黑点，我就以为这一美德已经加强了，它的相反方面已经削弱了，其程度也许足以使我扩大我的注意力到下面的一项，争取在下一周内在两行中都没有黑点。,Proceeding thus to the last, I could get through a course complete in thirteen weeks, and four courses in a year. And like him who, having a garden to w
21、eed, does not attempt to eradicate all the bad herbs at once (which would exceed his reach and his strength), bAnd like him who, having a garden to weed, does not attempt to eradicate all the bad herbs at once (which would exceed his reach and his strength), but works on one of the beds at a time, a
22、nd having accomplished the first, proceeds to a second, so I should have (1 hoped) ,he encouraging pleasure of seeing on my pages the progress made in virtue, by clearing successively my lines of their spots, till, in the end, by a number of courses, I should be happy in viewing a clean book, after
23、a thirteen weeks daily examination.,这样下去直到最后一项，我可以在十三个星期内完毕一个整个的过程，一年可以循环四次。一个人要替一个花园拔草，他不能企图一次就消灭所有的野草，这样做会超过他的能力，但是他在某一个时候只对付一个花坛，在拔完了第一个花坛以后，才动手第二个。像他一样，我希望我能令人快慰地在我的表格上看到我在品德上的进步，在逐步地清除了横行中的黑点之后，直到末了，在几个循环之后，在十三个星期的逐日检查以后，我会愉快地看到一本干净的簿子了。,p30 passage 2 Prayer prefixed to his tables if examinatio
24、n,“ 0 powerful Goodness ! bountiful Father! merciful Guide! Increase me in that wisdom which discovers my truest interest: Strengthen my resolution to perform what that wisdom dictates! Accept my kind offices to thy other children as the only return in my power for thy continual favours to me.“ 啊!全能
25、至善的上帝!慈悲的天父!仁慈的指路人!增添我的智慧，使我能够看清我真正的利益。加强我的意志力，使我能够执行智慧的命令。接受我对您其他子民的衷心的服役，作为我对上帝不断福佑的唯一可能的报答。,p33 passage 2,说实在话，我发现我在秩序这方面的习惯是难以矫正的。现在我老了，我的记忆变坏了，我非常清楚地感到缺少这种习惯的不便。但是整个说来，虽然我从来没有达到我原先雄心勃勃地想要达到的完善境界，而且差得很远，我靠着这方面的努力却使我比做这种尝试前要好得多快乐得多了。这正像临摹帖本的人，他们的目的是要获得完美的书法，虽然他们永远也达不到他们所希望的像帖本那样卓越的书法，但是在临摹帖本时他们的书
26、法却改善了，字也写得不但整洁易读，而且相当不错了。,Virtue, religion and personal beliefs, Franklin was born in a pious puritan family. He retained a lifelong commitment to the Puritan virtues and political values he had grown up with, and through his civic work and publishing, he succeeded in passing these values into the A
27、merican culture permanently. He had a “passion for virtue.” These Puritan values included his devotion to egalitarianism, education, industry, thrift, honesty, temperance, charity and community spirit., However, Franklin rejected some of the Puritan ideas regarding belief in salvation, hell, Jesus C
28、hrists divinity, and indeed most religious dogma. He retained a strong faith in God as the wellspring of morality and goodness in man, and as a Providential actor in history responsible for American independence.,Death and Legacy,Franklin died on April 17, 1790, at age 84. Approximately 20,000 peopl
29、e attended his funeral. He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia.,.when the pain and difficulty of breathing entirely left him, and his family were flattering themselves with the hopes of his recovery, when an imposthume, which had formed itself in his lungs, suddenly burst, an
30、d discharged a quantity of matter, which he continued to throw up while he had power; but, as that failed, the organs of respiration became gradually oppressed; a calm, lethargic state succeeded; and on the 17th instant (April 1790), about eleven oclock at night, he quietly expired, closing a long a
31、nd useful life of eighty-four years and three months. - The Life of Benjamin Franklin Dr. John Jones,The grave of Benjamin Franklin Philadelphia, Pennyslvania,Memorial marble statue Benjamin Franklin National Memorial,A marble statue of Benjamin Franklin stands in the atrium of Benjamin Franklin Hig
32、h School in New Orleans,Benjamin Franklin on the first US postage stamp, 1847,Franklin on the hundred dollar bill,The image of Benjamin Franklin, the first Postmaster General of the United States, occurs on the face of U.S. Postage stamps more than any other notable American, save that of George Was
33、hington.,Benjamin Franklin on U.S. Postage,issue of 1861,issue of 1895,issue of 1903,issue of 1918,The Way to Wealth,An essay written by Benjamin Franklin in 1758. It is a collection of adages 格言and advice presented in Poor Richards Almanak during its first 25 years of publication, organized into a
34、speech given by “Father Abraham“ to a group of people. Many of the phrases Father Abraham quotes continue to be familiar today. The essays advice is based on the themes of work ethic and frugality.,The portrayal of the humorous Poor Richard as a character and axioms of wisdom printed on the margins
35、of the pages for more than 20 years. Poor Richard was a convincing character testifying to Franklins talents in story telling.,Poor Richards Almanack,One of the famous lines in this book： eat to live，not live to eat,The Way to Wealth is a worldwide best seller reprinted in numerous editions and tran
36、slated in seven different languages. Millions of people all around the world have used Ben Franklins wisdom to achieve wealth and financial success.,Background,In 1758 people had the same problems that we do today. People struggling to make ends meet, living paycheck to paycheck, feeling cheated by
37、their government, drowning in debt, taxes, and skyrocketing healthcare costs.,The Way to Wealth shows you how to end the struggle and reach financial freedom.,The Way to Wealth shows you the 17 pitfalls陷阱 that lead to financial slavery and the 23 principles that lead to wealth and financial prosperi
38、ty.,The Characteristics of The Way to Wealth In 1758,First of all, it is based on the form of letters to present in front of readers. This has narrowed the gap between the writer and readers.,The Characteristics of The Way to Wealth In 1758,Second, this article acted as a review of all of Poor Richa
39、rds maxims格言，准则 under the guise of a speech given by the fictitious Father Abraham. As you can see, there are many “as Poor Richard says” in it. Obviously, Father Abraham is the spokesman of Poor Richard. And this is the biggest character of the preface.,The Characteristics of The Way to Wealth In 1
40、758,The last but not the least, Franklin uses some facts to help him pursued others. As Father Abraham continues to quote Poor Richard throughout the essay some of the most recognizable quotes at that time may be seen, like “Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise”, or
41、“Lost time is never found again “. These well known quotes were used in a way to advise the people concerned about bad times and high taxes.,Some phrases from the Almanak quoted in “The Way to Wealth“ include: “There are no gains without pains“ “One today is worth two tomorrows“ “Time is money“ “A l
42、ife of leisure and a life of laziness are two things“ “Get what you can, and what you get hold“ “,Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears, while the used key is always bright“ “Have you somewhat to do tomorrow, do it today“ “The eye of a master will do more work than both his hands“ “Earl
43、y to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise“,Bible,1.“There are no gains without pains“ Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for men . (Col 3:23 ),He is like a tree planted by streams of water, which yields its fruit in season and whose
44、 leaf does not wither. 要像一棵树栽在溪水旁，按时候结果子， 叶子也不枯干. The builder of a house has greater honor than the house itself. 建造房屋的比房屋更尊荣。,One who is slack in his work is brother to one who destroys. 作工懈怠的，与浪费人为弟兄。 Ants are creatures of little strength, yet they store up their food in the summer; coneys are cre
45、atures of little power, yet they make their home in the crags. 蚂蚁是无力之类，却在夏天豫备粮食。沙番是软弱之类，却在磐石中造房。,The Analects of Confucius,宰予昼寝。子曰：“朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可圬也；于予与何诛？”子曰：“始吾于人也，听其言而信其行；今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。于予与改是。”,2.We are taxed twice as much by our idleness, three times as much by our pride,and four times as much by
46、our fully.,Before his downfall a mans heart is proud, but humility comes before honor. 败坏之先，人心骄傲。尊荣以前，必有谦卑。 He who trusts in himself is a fool. 心中自是的，便是愚昧人。,Therefore confess your sins to each other and pray for each other so that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous man is powerful and effe
47、ctive. Jas 5:16 If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. John 1:9,The Analects of Confucius,曾子曰:“吾日三省吾身:为人谋而不忠乎？ 与朋友交而不信乎？ 传不习乎 ？“ 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。,3. A word to the wise is enough,The heart of the discerning acquires knowledge; the ears of the wise seek it out. 聪明人心得知识，智慧人耳求知识. The wise man has eyes in his head, while the fool walks in the darkness. 智慧人的眼目光明，愚昧人在黑暗里行。,The Analects of Confucius,子曰：“予欲无言。”子贡曰：“子如不言，则小子何述焉？”子曰：天何言哉？四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？”,Thank you,