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1、当今社会，一个人会讲两种、三种语言已不再是什么稀奇的事。但你有没有 思考过这样一个问题：世界上到底有多少种语言？读完下面的短文，你会大吃一 惊。 When people are asked how many languages they think there are in the world， the answers are very different.One random sampling of New Yorkers， for instance， resulted in answers like“probably several hundred”However we choose to
2、 count them， though，this is not close.When we look at reference works，we find estimates that have escalated over time.The 1911 (11th) edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica， for example， suggests a figure somewhere around 1， 000， a number that climbs steadily over the course of the twentieth century
3、.That is not due to any increase in the number of languages， but rather to our increased understanding of how many languages are actually spoken in areas that had previously been described.Much pioneering work in proving the languages of the world has been done by missionary organizations (such as t
4、he Summer Institute of Linguistics) with an interest in translating the Christian Bible.As of 1997，at least a portion of the Bible had been translated into 2，197 different languages，still a long way short of full coverage.The most extensive catalog of the worlds languages，generally taken to be as au
5、thoritative as any，is that of the Ethnology organization，whose detailed classified list currently includes 6，809 distinct languages. 阅读障碍词 1random随机的，任意的 2sampling抽样 3estimate估计 4escalate上升 5Encyclopedia百科全书 6coverage覆盖范围 7catalog目录 诱思导读 根据短文内容，回答下列问题 1 Why does the number of languages climb steadil
6、y over the course of the twentieth century? Because our understanding of the number of languages increases constantly. 2What is the authoritative number of languages? 6，809. Section Reading ()(Welcome to the unit & Reading) .匹配下列单词的词性及汉语意思 ( )1.occupy Avt.替换，代替，取代 ( )2.consistBn.口音，腔调；着重点 ( )3.contr
7、ibution Cadv.因此，所以 ( )4.replaceDvt.占领；占用(时间、空间等) ( )5.entireEn.过程；进程 ( )6.raiseFn.区别，差别 ( )7.thereforeGvi.组成，构成 ( )8.processHn.贡献，促成因素；捐赠 ( )9.distinctionIvt.养育，培养；举起；增加，提高； 筹募；提及 ( )10.accentJadj.完全的，整个的 答案 15 DGHAJ 610 ICEFB .选择下列句中词组的汉语意思 A开始使用 B由构成 C除了 D增加，添加 E担当 F代替，而不是 1It maddens me that she
8、was chosen instead of me. 2Aside from being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill. 3When did the train come into use？ 4She didnt want to work as a servant forever. 5They dont want to add to the governments burden. 6I want my firm to be made up of excellent workers. 答案 16 FCAEDB Engli
9、sh and its history All through history，people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain.The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary(词 汇) these people brought to BritainThat is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people. 英语及其历史 有史以来，在
10、不列颠共同生活着来自许多不同国家和文化背景的人们。英语 就是由这些人带到不列颠的语法和词汇构成的。那就是英语有如此多令人困惑不 解的规则的原因。 助读讲解 these people brought to Britain 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the grammar and vocabulary，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。 Old English Old English is very different from the English we speak nowadays(现在，如 今)In fact，we would not be able to understand it if
11、 we heard it today.Before the middle of the 5th century，people in Britain all spoke a language called CelticThen two Germanic groups from the European mainlandthe Angles and the Saxons occupied Britain.Old English consisted of a mixture(混合) of their languages.(Both the English language and the Engli
12、sh people are named after the Angles；the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.)Aside from place names such as London，very few Celtic words became part of Old English.At the end of the 9th century，the Vikings， people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway， began to move to B
13、ritain.They brought with them their languages， which also mixed with Old EnglishBy the 10th century，Old English had become the official(官方的，正式的) language of England. When we speak English today，we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases(短 语 ) to use.This is because English has many words
14、 and phrases from different languages，but with similar meanings.For example，the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons，while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians. 古英语 古英语和现在我们说的英语非常不同。事实上，如果今天听到古英语，我们 会听不懂。公元 5 世纪中叶以前，不列颠所有的人都说一种叫凯尔特语的语言。 然后，来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼部族盎格鲁人和
15、撒克逊人占领了不列 颠。古英语是由他们的语言混合而成的。(英语及英国人都是由盎格鲁人命名的； Angle 这个词在古英语里拼作 Engle。)除了像“London”这样的地名外，极少数的凯 尔特单词成了古英语的一部分。在 9 世纪末，来自北欧诸国例如丹麦和挪威的维 京人开始向不列颠移居。他们带来了他们的语言，这些语言也与古英语交汇在了 一起。到了 10 世纪，古英语已成为英格兰的官方语言。 现在当我们讲英语时，我们有时会对用哪些单词或短语而感到困惑。这是因 为英语有着许多来自不同语言的单词和短语，但是这些单词和短语有着相似的意 思。比如， “sick”一词就是来自盎格鲁人和撒克逊人曾经用过的一
16、个词，而“ill”则 来自曾经被挪威人用过的一个词。 助读讲解 we speak nowadays 是省略了引导词 that/which 的定语从句，修 饰先行词 the English。过去分词短语 called Celtic 作后置定语，修饰 a language。 people from.and Norway 是 the Vikings 的同位语。which also mixed with Old English 是非限制性定语从句， 修饰 languages。 This is because.“这是因为” ， because 引导表语从句，其后接表示原因的句子。其中介词短语 from
17、different languages 作定语，修饰 words and phrases。过去分词短语 once used by.作后置 定语，修饰 a word。while ill came from.中 while 为并列连词，意为“而，然而” ， 表对比。 Middle English Middle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuriesMany things played a part in the development of this new t
18、ype of English.The most important contribution was from the Normans，a Frenchspeaking people who defeated(战胜)England and took control of the country in 1066.However， the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons victory about 600 years earlier，which led to Old Englis
19、h replacing CelticEven though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England，French did not replace English as the first language.On the other hand，the English language did borrow many words from French.This resulted in even more words with similar meanings，such as answer(from
20、Old English) and reply(from Old French)It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developedAfter the Norman Conquest，many English people worked as servants who raised animalsTherefore， the words we use for most animals raised for food， such as cow， sheep and pig， came from Old Eng
21、lish.However，the words for the meat of these animals，which was served to the Normans， came from Old French： beef， mutton(羊 肉 )， pork and bacon(咸猪肉) Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well.In Old English， the Germanic way of making words plural was used.For example，they said hou
22、sen instead of houses，and shoen instead of shoes.After the Normans took control，they began using the French way of making plurals，adding an s to house and shoe.Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms，such as man/men and child/children. After the Norman Conquest，highclass people spoke Frenc
23、h while common people spoke EnglishHowever，by the latter half of the 14th century，English had come into widespread use among all classes in England.In 1399，Henry became King of England.His mother tongue was English，and he used English for all official events. 中古英语 中古英语是给大约 12 世纪到 15 世纪期间使用过的英语起的名字。在
24、这一新 型英语的发展中，许多事件起了作用。最大的贡献来自于讲法语的诺曼人，他们 于 1066 年击败英格兰并控制了这个国家。然而，诺曼征服对英语的影响并不及约 600 年前盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的胜利对英语的影响， 那场胜利导致古英语替代了凯 尔特语。尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的整整 250 年间一直讲法语，但是法语并没有 取代英语成为第一语言。另一方面，英语也确实借用了许多法语单词。这造成了 甚至更多意思相近的单词，比如“answer”(来自古英语)和“reply”(来自古法语)。了 解有关动物和肉的词汇是怎样演变而来的是件挺有趣的事。诺曼征服之后，许多 英国人以仆人的身份从事饲养动物的工作。因此，
25、我们使用的表示专为食用而饲 养的大多数动物的单词，比如“cow(母牛)” 、“sheep(绵羊)”和“pig(猪)” ，来自 古英语。然而，由于这些动物的肉是供应给诺曼人的，所以指代这些动物的肉的 词来自古法语，如“beef(牛肉)” ， “mutton(羊肉)” ， “pork(猪肉)”和“bacon(熏猪肉， 咸猪肉)” 。 古法语也为中古英语做出了其他贡献。在古英语中，单词变复数采用了日耳 曼语中单词变复数的方法。例如，他们说“housen”而不是“houses”，说“shoen”而不 是 “shoes”。 在诺曼人控制英格兰之后， 他们开始使用法语的复数构成形式， 在 “house”
26、和“shoe”后面加s。只有很少的单词保留了日耳曼语的复数形式，如“man/men”和 “child/children”。 诺曼征服之后，上层社会的人讲法语，而普通人则讲英语。但是到了 14 世纪 后半叶，英语已经被英格兰所有社会阶层广泛使用。1399 年，亨利四世成了英格 兰国王。他的母语是英语，他在所有正式场合都使用英语。 助读讲解 given to the English.是过去分词短语，在句中作后置定语，修 饰 name。used from.是过去分词短语，在句中作后置定语，修饰 English。which led to Old English replacing Celtic 是 w
27、hich 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰 the Angles and the Saxons victory。 Even though the Normans spoke.是 even though( even if)引导的让步状语从句。It is interesting to learn.中 it 作形式主语，代替 to learn.； how the words.为宾语从句，作 learn 的宾语。who raised animals 是 who 引导的定语从句，修饰 servants。we use for most animals raised for food 是定语从 句，修饰 wor
28、ds。因为关系代词在从句中作宾语，所以可以省略。其中 raised for food 是过去分词短语作后置定语。 which was served to the Normans 是 which 引导 的非限制性定语从句，修饰 the meat of these animals。 while common people spoke English 中 while 作并列连词，表示转折和对比，意思是“而，却” 。 Modern English Modern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century.Because of
29、this，Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words.Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period.Of course，this was not the end of the changes in the English language.The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answerIt is certain that this p
30、rocess will continue，and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things. 现代英语 现代英语出现于 16 世纪的文艺复兴时期。由于这个原因，现代英语中含有许 多拉丁语及希腊语单词。在此期间，(英语)发音也经历了巨大的变化。当然，这并 不是英语语言变化的终结。英语将来是否会持续变化，这一问题很容易回答。可 以肯定的是，这一进程将会继续，而且人们将会不断地发明新的单词和新的表达 事物的方式。 助读讲解 whether English will keep on changing.是whet
31、her引导的宾语从 句，作介词 of 的宾语。 It is certain that.“可以肯定的是” ；it 是形式主语， 真正的主语是 that 从句。 第一步 速读了解文章主题和段落大意 速读 P2223教材课文，选择最佳答案 1Look at the title and the subtitle(副标题)before each section，and then finish the following question. This passage is about the developing history of English. 2Put the following sentenc
32、es in the right order. In 1399，Henry became King of England and used English for all official occasions. By the 10th century，Old English was the official language of England. During the Renaissance in the 16th century Modern English began. By the latter half of the 14th century English was adopted b
33、y all classes in England. Before the middle of the 5th century，people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. In 1066，the Normans conquered England and took control of the country. At the end of the 9th century，the Vikings invaded Britain and brought their languages. 答案 第二步 细读把控文章关键信息 细读 P222
34、3教材课文，选择最佳答案 1English is a language with so many confusing rules，because AEngland has a long history BEngland is separated from the European mainland Cthe English population is large Dthe English nation consists of people from different countries and cultures 2In the passage of Middle English，it giv
35、es us a lot of examples.What does it really hint? AThere are too many English words for us to use. BEnglish is difficult to learn. CForeign cultures affect the English language a lot. DForeign languages have no effect on the English language. 3 Which language had an important effect on the English l
36、anguage during Middle English period? AGerman. BFrench. CLatin.DGreek. 4Which of the following is TRUE about the history of English? AThe language used before the middle of the 5th century is called Old English. BMiddle English started from about the 12th century and ended in the 15th century. COnly
37、 the English we are using today is Modern English. DThe process of Englishs development will not continue any more. 5Which of the following terms come from French? ABeef，sheep and bacon. BFeet，children and shoe. CPig，mutton and tooth. DBeef，pork and bacon. 答案 15 DCBBD 第三步 研读能力升华 接轨高考 根据 P2223教材课文，在空
38、白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形 式 English has many difficult 1.rules(rule) that confuse people.Before the middle of the 5th century，people in Britain all spoke Celtic.Then two Germanic groups from the 2.European(Europe) mainland and the Vikings from Northern European countries invaded Britain.They brought w
39、ith them their languages，3.which also mixed with Old English.By the 10th century，Old English 4.had become(become)the official language of England. In 1066 the Normans defeated England and 5.took(take) control of the country.However，the Norman Conquest didnt affect English as 6.much(more)as the Angle
40、s and the Saxons victory， which 7.led to Old English replacing Celtic.Old French made 8.contributions(contribution) to Middle English as well.Modern English appeared during the Renaissance in 9.the 16th century.But this was not the end of the changes in the English language.It is certain that English will keep on 10.changing(change)in the future.