1、附录About Modenr Industrial ManipulayorRobot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the dev
2、elopment of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial auto
3、mation program. Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering. A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of 0.006inches. Furthermore these robots can do that 24hours a day for years on end with no failures wh
4、atsoever. Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years.At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is hig
5、h which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With he rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is i
6、ncreasing quickly; with the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for
7、 lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and
8、synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration,
9、electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and co
10、mplete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often
11、 is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever. The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loo
12、p control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. On this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given. The analysis of kinematics and dynam
13、ics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system.Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulato
14、r inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed and damping
15、 limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the conside
16、ration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques.In the industrial production and other fields, people often endangered by such factors as high temperature, corrode, poisonous gas and so fort
17、h at work, which have increased labor intensity and even jeopardized the life sometimes. The corresponding problems are solved since the robot arm comes out. The arms can catch, put and carry objects, and its movements are flexible and diversified. It applies to medium and small-scale automated prod
18、uction in which production varieties can be switched. And it is widely used on soft automatic line. The robot arms are generally made by withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion of materials to adapt to the harsh environment. So they reduced the labor intensity of the workers significantly and
19、raised work efficiency. The robot arm is an important component of industrial robot, and it can be called industrial robots on many occasions. Industrial robot is set machinery, electronics, control, computers, sensors, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies in the integration of mu
20、ltidisciplinary important modern manufacturing equipment. Widely using industrial robots, not only can improve product quality and production, but also is of great significance for physical security protection, improvement of the environment for labor, reducing labor intensity, improvement of labor
21、productivity, raw material consumption savings and lowering production costs.There are such mechanical components as ball footbridge, slides, air control mechanical hand and so on in the design. A programmable controller, a programming device, stepping motors, stepping motors drives, direct current
22、motors, sensors, switch power supply, an electromagnetism valve and control desk are used in electrical connection.Robotistheautomatedproductionofakindusedintheprocessofcrawlingandmovingpiecefeaturesautomaticdevice,whichismechanizedandautomatedproductionprocessdevelopedanewtypeofdevice.Inrecentyears
23、aselectronictechnology,especiallycomputerextensiveuseofrobotdevelopmentandproductionofhightechfieldshasbecomearapidlydevelopedanewtechnology,whichfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofrobot,allowingrobottobetterachievedwiththecombinationofmechanizationandautomation.Robotcanreplacehumanscompletedtheriskofd
24、uplicationofboringwork,toreducehumanlaborintensityandimprovelaborproductivity.Manipulatorhasbeenappliedmoreandmorewidely,inthemachineryindustry,itcanbeusedforpartsassembly,workpiecehandling,loadingandunloading,particularlyintheautomationofCNCmachinetools,modularmachinetoolsmorecommonlyused.Atpresent
25、therobothasdevelopedintoaFMSflexiblemanufacturingsystemsandflexiblemanufacturingcellinanimportantcomponentoftheFMC.Themachinetoolequipmentandmachineryinhandtogetherconstituteaflexiblemanufacturingsystemoraflexiblemanufacturingcell,itwasadaptedtosmallandmediumvolumeproduction,youcansaveahugeamountof
26、theworkpiececonveyordevice,compact,andadaptable.Whentheworkpiecechanges,flexibleproductionsystemisveryeasytochangewillhelpenterprisestocontinuouslyupdatethemarketablevariety,improveproductquality,andbetteradapttomarketcompetition.Atpresent,Chinasindustrialrobottechnologyanditsengineeringapplicationl
27、evelandcomparabletoforeigncountriesthereisacertaindistance,applicationandindustrializationofthesizeofthelowlevelofrobotresearchanddevelopmentofadirectimpactonraisingthelevelofautomationinChina,fromtheeconomy,technicalconsiderationsareverynecessary.Therefore,thestudyofmechanicalhanddesignisverymeanin
28、gful.关于现代工业机械手 机器人是典型的机电一体化装置，它综合运用了机械与精密机械、微电子与计算机、自动控制与驱动、传感器与信息处理以及人工智能等多学科的最新研究成果，随着经济技术的发展和各行各业对自动化程度要求的提高，机器人技术得到了迅速发展，出现了各种各样的机器人产品。现代工业机器人是人类真正的奇迹工程。一个像人那么大的机器人可以轻松地抬起超过一百磅并可以在误差0.006英寸内重复运动。更重要的是这些机器人可以每天24小时不停止地工作。在许多应用中他们是通过编程控制的，但是他们一旦编程一次，他们可以重复地做同一个工作许多年。机器人产品的实用化，既解决了许多单靠人力难以解决的实际问题，又
29、促进了工业自动化的进程。 目前，由于机器人的研制和开发涉及多方面的技术，系统结构复杂，开发和研制的成本普遍较高，在某种程度上限制了该项技术的广泛应用，因此，研制经济型、实用化、高可靠性机器人系统具有广泛的社会现实意义和经济价值。由于我国经济建设和城市化的快速发展，城市污染排水放量增长很快，污水处理已经摆在了人们的议事日程上来。随着科学技术的发展和人类知识水平的提高，人们越来越认识到污水处理的重要性和迫切性，科学家和研究人员发现塑料制品在水中时用于污水处理的很有效地污泥菌群的附着体。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生产的自动化和高效率要求成为经济发展的必然。本文结合塑料一次挤出成型机和塑料抓取机
30、械手的研制过程中出现的问题，综述近几年机器人技术研究和发展的状况，在从分发挥机、电、软、硬件各自特点和优势互补的基础上，对物料抓取机械手整体机械结构、传动系统、驱动装置和控制系统进行了分析和设计，提出了一套经济型设计方案。采用直角坐标和关节坐标相结合的框架式机械结构形式，这种方式能够提高系统的稳定性和操作灵活性。传动装置的作用是将驱动元件的动力传递给机器人机械手相应的执行机构，以实现各种必要的运动，传动方式上采用结构紧凑、传动比答得蜗轮蜗杆传动和将旋转运动转换为直线运动的螺旋传动。机械手驱动系统的设计往往受到作业环境条件的限制，同时也要考虑价格因素的影响以及能够达到的技术水平。由于步进电机能都
31、直接接收数字量，响应速度快而且工作可靠并无累计误差，常用作数字控制系统驱动机构的动力元件，因此，在驱动装置中采用由步进电机构成的环控制方式，这种方式技能满足控制精度的要求，又能达到经济型、实用化目的。 目前的工业机械臂控制将每一个机械臂的联合看做一个简单的联合伺服。伺服方法不能从分地模仿不同的动力学机械手，因为它忽略了机械手整体的运动和配置。这些控制系统的参数的变化有时是足够重要，以至于使常规的反馈控制方法失效。其结果是减少了伺服相应的速度和阻尼，限制了京都和最终效应的速度，使系统仅适用于有限精度的工作。机械手以这种方式控制速度降低而没有不必要的震动。任何在这一领域和其它领域的机械臂性能增益要
32、求更有效率的动态模型、精密的控制方法、专门的计算机架构和并行处理技术。在工业生产和其它领域内，由于工作的需要，人们经常受到高温、腐蚀及有毒气体等因素的危害，增加了工人的劳动强度，甚至于危及生命。自从机械手问世以来，相应的各种难题迎刃而解。机械手可在空间抓、放、搬运物体，动作灵活多样，适用于可变换生产品种的中、小批量自动化生产，广泛应用于柔性自动线。机械手一般由耐高温，抗腐蚀的材料制成，以适应现场恶劣环境，大大降低了工人的劳动强度，提高了工作效率。机械手是工业机器人的重要组成部分，在很多情况下它就可以称为工业机器人。工业机器人集机械、电子、控制、计算机、传感器、人工智能等多学科先进技术于一体化的
33、现代制造业重要的自动化装备。广泛采用工业机器人，不仅可以提高产品的质量与产量，而且对保障人身安全，改善劳动环境，减轻劳动强度，提高劳动生产率，节约原材料消耗以及降低生产成本，有着十分重要的意义。 工业机械手是工业机器人的一个重要分支。它的特点是可通过编程来完成各种预期的作业任务，在构造和性能上兼有人和机器各自的优点，尤其体现了人的智能和适应性。机械手作业的准确性和各种环境中完成作业的能力，在国民经济各领域有着广阔的发展前景。随着工业自动化的发展,出现了数控加工中心,它在减轻工人的劳动强度的同时,大大提高了劳动生产率。但数控加工中常见的上下料工序,通常仍采用人工操作或传统继电器控制的半自动化装置
34、前者费时费工、效率低;后者因设计复杂,需较多继电器,接线繁杂,易受车体振动干扰,而存在可靠性差、故障多、维修困难等问题。可编程序控制器PLC控制的上下料机械手控制系统动作简便、线路设计合理、具有较强的抗干扰能力,保证了系统运行的可靠性,降低了维修率,提高了工作效率。机械手技术涉及到力学、机械学、电气液压技术、自动控制技术、传感器技术和计算机技术等科学领域，是一门跨学科综合技术。机械手主要由手部和运动机构组成。手部是用来抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根据被抓持物件的形状、尺寸、重量、材料和作业要求而有多种结构形式，如夹持型、托持型和吸附型等。运动机构，使手部完成各种转动（摆动）、移动或复合运动来实
35、现规定的动作，改变被抓持物件的位置和姿势.机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动化装置，它是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来，随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用，机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术，它更加促进了机械手的发展，使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。机械手能代替人类完成危险、重复枯燥的工作，减轻人类劳动强度，提高劳动生产力。机械手越来越广泛的得到了应用，在机械行业中它可用于零部件组装，加工工件的搬运、装卸，特别是在自动化数控机床、组合机床上使用更普遍。目前，机械手已发展成为柔性制造系统FMS和柔性制造单元FMC中一个重要组成部分。把机床设备和机械手共同构成一个柔性加工系统或柔性制造单元，它适应于中、小批量生产，可以节省庞大的工件输送装置，结构紧凑，而且适应性很强。当工件变更时，柔性生产系统很容易改变，有利于企业不断更新适销对路的品种，提高产品质量，更好地适应市场竞争的需要。而目前我国的工业机器人技术及其工程应用的水平和国外比还有一定的距离，应用规模和产业化水平低，机械手的研究和开发直接影响到我国自动化生产水平的提高，从经济上、技术上考虑都是十分必要的。因此，进行机械手的研究设计是非常有意义的。
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