高中英语语法专题复习教案大全(15个教案).pdf

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1、- 1 - 高中英语语法专题复习教案大全(15 个教案 ) 语法复习专题一名词 一、考点聚焦 1.可数名词单、复数变化形式 (1)规则变化。 单数名词词尾直接加-s。如: boy boys, pen pens。 以 s、x 、 ch 、sh 结尾的单词一般加-es。如: glass glasses,box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes。 特例: stomach stomachs。 以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“ i”再加“ -es” 。如: baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。 以“o” 结尾的多数加-es。

2、 如:tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。 但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o 结尾的词只加-s。 如: radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。 以“ f”或“ fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“ fe”为“ v” ,之后再加 -es。如:wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves 等。特例: ha

3、ndkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。 改变元音字母的。如:man men, mouse mice, foot feet, woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。 特例:child children 。 复合名词的复数形式。( A)在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如: armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore bookstores。 ( B

4、)man 和 woman 作定语修饰另一个名词 时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如:man doctor men doctors, woman driver women drivers。 ( C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如: brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。 有的名词有两种复数形式。如:zero zeros 、zeroes, deer deers 、deer。penny 的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如:pence(便士的钱数) ,pennies(便 - 2 - 士的枚数 )。 (2)不规则变化

5、。 单、复数同形。如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works(工厂) ,cattle。 合成名词的复数。如:boy-friend boy-friends, go-between go-betweens( 中间人 ), grown-up grown-ups。 有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜, clothes 衣服, goods 货物,trousers 裤子, belongings 所有物 ,wages 工资, riches 财富 , surroundings 环境, ashes 灰尘 , compa

6、sses圆规, cattle 家畜, congratulations 祝贺, have words with sb. 同某人吵架, in high spirits 以很高热情地,give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯, in rags衣衫破烂, It is good manners to do sth. 有礼貌做某事。 集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词 既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体, 复数看

7、做集体的各个成员。如:The crew is large. 船员人数很多(指整体);The crew are all tired. 船员们都累坏了(个体)。 2、不可数名词的数 (1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名 词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下: 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如: 抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词,可数名词) in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事 win success 获得成功a success一个 (件)成功的人 (事) win honor 赢得荣誉an honor 一个 (

8、件)引以为荣的 (事) Failure(失败 )is the mother of success a failure 失败者 失败是成功之母。 by experience 靠经验an experience 一次经历 youth 青春a youth 一个青年人 have pity on sb.怜悯某人a pity 可惜的事情 with pleasure 乐意a pleasure 乐事 抽象名词与a(an)连用, 淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。 - 3 - 如: A knowledge of English is a must in international trade

9、. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? It is waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. (2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如: 物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。如:some coffee 一些咖啡, a coffee 一杯 咖啡, three coffees 三杯咖啡, some drink 一些饮料 , a drink 一杯

10、饮料, three drinks 三杯饮料, his hair 他的头发, a few grey hairs 几根白发, glass玻璃, a glass一只玻璃杯。 物质名词有前置后置修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfast The road is covered with snow. have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night. (3)有复数形式的不可数名词 有些

11、抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态 的作用。如: Use your brains, please. They have smoothed away the difficulties. Have you made preparations for tomorrow s meeting? Many thanks for your kindness. No pains, no gains. After many failures, they finally succeeded. 有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如: The boy burst

12、into tears at the bad news. The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains. 3.名词所有格 (1) “s”所有格的特殊表示形式有: 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后,如:today s - 4 - newspaper, five minuteswalk(drive),five pounds weight, ten dollars worth of coffee 。 用于表示国家、 世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the e

13、arths planet, the words population, China s industry, New York s parks。 (2) “of”所有格的特殊表示方式有: 表示“部分” 时,一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词( a、two 、several、some、 no、many 等) ,如: Some students of Mister Zhang s have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已 经上大学了。 表示“其中之一,其中一部分”的意思时,用:a friend of Toms 汤姆的一个朋友(许多朋友中的一位)。 表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色

14、彩时,应该用:that/this/these/ those + 名词(单、复数)of Mary s/yours/his/hers。如: That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的(表赞赏)。 4、名词作定语 英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名 词。 (1)分类意义。 air pollution 空气污染boy friend 男朋友 coffee cup 咖啡杯income tax 所得税 tennis ball 网球song writer 歌曲作家 body language 身

15、体语言road accident 交通事故 Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖 (2)时间、地点、称呼等。 Doctor Jack 杰克医生Professor Li李教授 evening school 夜校winter sleep 冬眠 street dance 街舞country music 乡村音乐 village people 村民school education 学校教育 China problem 中国问题 (3)表目的、手段、来源,所属意义。 reception desk 接待台sports field 田径场 stone table 石桌color TV 彩电 - 5 - weat

16、her report 天气预报 二、精典名题导解 选择填空 1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science. (NMET 2001) A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as 解析:答案为D。当名词前有what 、so、as、too、quite 等词修饰时,其形容词被这些词 修饰,组成下列结构,如:What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to car

17、ry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike. 等,应采取too/how + 形容词(副词) + a(an) + 名词的形式。要记住一些 类似的特殊结构,并加以分析。 2. The police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the lost key. (NMET 1999) A. price B. prize C. reward D. money 解析:答案为C。price 价格,价钱;prize 奖金。项是钱,属不可数名词,题中所要填 的是“酬金,报酬” 。注意正确理解名词的含

18、义及其搭配是活用语言的基础,在复习备考中要 熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等,才能更好辨析名词,从而选择最符合句意 的选项。 3.Y ou ll find this map of great _in helping you to get round London.(NMET 1998) A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness 解析:答案为C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Price (价 格),cost(价钱,费用,成本)不符合题意,value 作“ quality of being useful or des

19、irable ”解 时,常与of 搭配,在句中作表语或补语,意为“有用,有价值”。故选择value。注意名词词 义辨异及惯用法表达,题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。 4.If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off . A. a price B. price C. the price D. price 解析:答案为C。本题考冠词和名词。全句合理句意应是:如果你买超过10 个,他们从 (现在标出的)价格上减价20 便士。此处价格是特指的定价,所以C项最佳。 5.The journey around the world to

20、ok the old sailor nine moths, the sailing time was 226 days. - 6 - A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 解析:答案为B。辨析名词语义, a distance of +数字“距离” 。 6. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens. A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place 解析:答案为A。 “ out of reach”是“超出某人够得着的范围”,即“够不着”

21、的意思,药 品应放到孩子够不到的地方。 语法复习专题二冠词 一、考点聚焦 1.不用冠词的情况 (1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。 China, America, Smith Air is matter. (2)可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。 This dictionary is mine. (3)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。 March, May Day, National Day, Children s Day, Women s Day Have you had supper? Spring i

22、s the best season of the year. (4)称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、 cook 等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语 及同位语时,一般不加冠词。 What s this, Father? We made him our chairman. Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li. (5)学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。 Do you study physics? He likes playing football/chess. (6)复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。 They are pe

23、asants/ workers. (7)在与 by 连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。 - 7 - by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land 但: take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。 (8)某些固定词组中不用冠词。 名词词组中: husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork 介词词组中: to(at, from) school, in (to)clas

24、s, in (to,at, from)university(college),to(in, into, from )church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot 注意:在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。 in hospital 住院(因病) in the hospital 在医院

25、(工作、参观等) in front of 在前面,指某物体之外 in the front of 在前部,指某物之内 in charge 负责,主管out of question 没问题 in the charge 由负责out of the question不可能 (9)as 引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的名词不带冠词。 Child as she is, she knows a lot of French. (10)系动词 turn (作“变成”解)后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。 The young girl has turned writer. = The young girl ha

26、s become a writer. (11)在单数名词+ after + 同一单数名词(表示“一个接一个”)结构中,单数可数名词 前不加冠词。 She did experiment after experiment. 类似的还有: shop after shop, mistake after mistake (12)形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。 “ most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时,前面不用定冠词。 Oh, it s most beautiful. 当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时,第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。 - 8 - She is the

27、tallest and fattest girl in our school. 当形容词最高级作表语,不表示与其他人或物相比时,其前不用定冠词。 The market in the country is busiest in winter. 形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时,不能用定冠词。 A wolf in a sheep s skin is our most dangerous enemy. 序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第”之意,但在second、third 等词前加不定冠词 表示“又一,再一”之意。 why you took a second arrow 注意:下句中“a firs

28、t”表示“第一名、冠军”。 He is a top student in our class; he often gets a first in maths. (13)no 与 such 连用时应放在such 之前, such 后面的名词不用冠词。 No such thing has ever happened in this village. (14)never、ever 置于作主语的名词前,这些名词前不用冠词。 Never did student study so hard. 这个学生从未学得这么认真。 (15)有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力,或为了引起注意力,省去a(n)或 the,

29、这主 要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。 Conference opens.会议召开了。 2.定冠词的使用情况 (1)使用定冠词的一般情况。 特指或第二次提到。 序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。 用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。 (2)定冠词使用特殊的场合。 He hit him in the face. beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人,穷人,伤员 the elder of the two

30、, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位,较漂亮的一个 The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 He got paid by the hour. 他是按小时付工钱的。 by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year - 9 - 但: by weight 按重量 in the 50s /in the 1870s (表示年代) the Smiths/the Whites (表示一家人或夫妇俩) in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/ra

31、in tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容,特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时, 它与定冠词连用: She is fond of music. He is playing the music written by Beethoven. Good advice is beyond price. I m sorry not to have taken the advice he gave. 3.不定冠词常用的几种情况 (1)表示“一”相当于“one” 。Ill return in a day or two. (2)表

32、示“每”相当于“per” 。 We have three meals a day. (3)表示“同一性”相当于“the same” 。 The children are of an age. (4)表示类指,表示“某类”。He wants to he a doctor. (5)表示泛指,相当于“any” 。A horse is a useful animal. (6)表示某一个,相当于“a certain” 。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you. (7) 与抽象名词连用,可以表示 “一场、 一次、一件” ,如:a pleasure 一件乐事, a surprise

33、 一件令人惊讶的事,a joy 一件高兴的事,a pity 一件遗憾的事,an honour 一个(件)经以为 荣的人 (事)。 (8)与物质名词连用,表示“一种,一阵、一份”。 What a heavy rain! What a good supper! Please give me a black coffee! 4.冠词表类别的常见方式 (1)定冠词+ 单数可数名词,表示一个,代表一类。 The computer was invented in 1945. The TV set was invented by Joan Baird. The horse is a useful anima

34、l. - 10 - (2)不定冠词+ 单数可数名词(表示任意一个,某一个)。 A pen is a tool for writing. A square has four sides. A horse is a useful animal. 注意: man, woman 表示泛指时,不用冠词,且常用单数。如: Man is fighting a battle against pollution. Man tries to be the protector of woman. (3)可数名词或不可数名词,指类别(考虑到同类中的各个情况)。 Horses are useful animals. R

35、ice is a kind of food. 5.冠词位置问题 (1)不定冠词+ 副词+ 形容词+ 名词。 This is a very interesting story. (2)such、what 、both、all、quite 、rather +不定冠词 +形容词 +名词。 I ve never seen such a film! Half a pound of pork,please! What a good idea it is! (3)as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词 +不定冠词 +名词。 It is as pleasant a day as I h

36、ave ever spent. I can t finish the task in so short a time. This seems not too long a distance. We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out. However low te price you paid,you waste your money. He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear. (4)定冠词位置。 half、twice、three times + the + 名词 He paid twice

37、 the price for it. Their house is three times the size of yours. all、both 、double + the + 名词 Both the blind men were mistaken. - 11 - All the students in our class are eager to know the secret. I offered him double the amount, but he still refused. 二、精典名题导解 选择填空 1. The warmth of _sweater will of cou

38、rse be determined by the sort of _wool used. (NMET 2001) AThe ; the Bthe ; / C/; the D/; / 解析:答案为 B。第一空格为特指,交待 the warmth 的内容, 第二空格为泛指,the sort of wool used 所用羊毛的种类。此题有三点需注意:正确理解sweater 这一句词在句中的类别。 掌握 determine 在句中作“决定” 、 “取决于”这个意思。掌握定冠词表特指的基本用法。 2. Most animals have little connection with_animals o

39、f_different kind unless they kill them for food. (NMET 2000) Athe a B/ a Cthe the D/ the 解析:答案为B。名词复数表类别,其前不用冠词,故第一个空格不填冠词,表不定概念 的“一种”, “某种”要用不定冠词a。要准确掌握冠词表类别的三种表达方式和不定冠词常用 的几种情况,见前面要点考点聚焦内容。 3. Paper money was in_use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _thirteenth century. (NMET1999) At

40、he / Bthe the C/ the D/ / 解析:答案为C。题中 in use 是固定搭配,意为“在使用”,use 为抽象名词,其前不用冠 词。后者是序数词前用定冠词the。要牢记一些固定搭配如in use、 under construction (在建 设中)、in debt(欠债)、come to power (执政)、on fire(着火)、at table(用餐)、out of work (失业)等。 4. When you come here for your holiday next time don t go to hotel; I can find you bed in my flat. A. the; a B. the; 不填C. a; the D. a; 不填 解析:答案为C。考定语从句。主句部分应是The English play at the New Years party was a great success. 从句补全为独立句子就是my students acted in the play. 所以应选in which ,其余 介词不妥。 5.John, there is Mr. Wilson on the phone for you.

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