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1、专业好文档一、阅读判断第8篇：What Is a Dream?（B级）什么是梦？许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义。另一些人则认为，梦是生命中重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。 近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。奥地利心理学家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作梦的解析(1900)中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。 瑞士精神病学家卡尔荣格曾是弗洛
2、伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同。他认为，做梦的目的是要给做梦的人传递一种信息。而人们想想自已做的梦，便能对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是白视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。 现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。 多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做梦做的那么多。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也需要随着年龄增长而发展。多姆霍夫还发现梦和性
3、别之间的关系。通过研究，他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫通过研究包括来自现代文化以及传统文化背景在内的11种不同文化背景的人群梦境中的性别差异得出了上述结论。 梦能帮助我们更好地理解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦可能会有意义，但也不意味着你梦到的一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。第8篇：What Is a Dream?1. Not everyone agrees that drea
4、ms are meaningful. A.Right2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A.Right3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. B.Wrong4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. C.Not mentioned5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not
5、 have the same ability to dream as adults do.A.Right6. Men and women dream about different things. A.Right7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. B.Wrong第10篇：The Biology of Music（B级）音乐生物学人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。 哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物
6、会唱歌(并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听)，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。 音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但
7、是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。 通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(
8、反之亦然) 音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。 然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。第10篇：The Biology of Music1. Humans,but not animals, can sing. B Wrong2. People can use music to communicate their emotions. A Right3. We use the same part of the brain for music and language. B Wrong4. Geoffery Miler
9、has done research on music and emotions.A Right5. Its hard for humans to compose music.C6. Memory is not an important part in singing in tune. B Wrong7. Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans. A Right第10篇：The Biology of Music（B级）音乐生物学人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起
10、到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。 哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌(并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听)，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。 音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是
11、，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。 通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏
12、乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然) 音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。 然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。第10篇：The Biology of Music1. Humans,but not animals, can sing. B Wrong2. People can use music to communicate their emotions. A Right3. We use th
13、e same part of the brain for music and language. B Wrong4. Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.A Right5. Its hard for humans to compose music.C6. Memory is not an important part in singing in tune. B Wrong7. Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on hu
14、mans. A Right第8篇：What Is a Dream?（B级）什么是梦？许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义。另一些人则认为，梦是生命中重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。 近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。奥地利心理学家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作梦的解析(1900)中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。 瑞士精神病学家卡尔荣格曾是
15、弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同。他认为，做梦的目的是要给做梦的人传递一种信息。而人们想想自已做的梦，便能对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是白视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。 现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。 多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做梦做的那么多。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也需要随着年龄增长而发展。多姆霍夫还发现梦
16、和性别之间的关系。通过研究，他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫通过研究包括来自现代文化以及传统文化背景在内的11种不同文化背景的人群梦境中的性别差异得出了上述结论。 梦能帮助我们更好地理解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦可能会有意义，但也不意味着你梦到的一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。第8篇：What Is a Dream?1. Not everyone agrees that dr
17、eams are meaningful. A.Right2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A.Right3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. B.Wrong4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. C.Not mentioned5. According to Dornhoff,babies do n
18、ot have the same ability to dream as adults do.A.Right6. Men and women dream about different things. A.Right7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. B.Wrong二、阅读理解第29篇：Ill Be Bach（B级） 译文：我也能成为巴赫作曲家大卫科普发明了一个电脑软件，它能写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了30年才完成这个软件，现在科普的电脑写出的作品与德国注明作曲家J.S.巴赫写的作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。这一
19、切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部戏剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律，于是他编写了一个电脑软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？他开始重新考虑人们作曲的方式。他认识到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为，只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好数据库，并能熟记于心，从而创造出新的音乐。科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据库，最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。科普的软件将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出固定模式，然后将片段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软
20、件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这只是个开始。科普知道，他要做的还有很多他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完善他的软件，不久他就能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合。科普聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为好的。有了艾米的帮助，科普只用了两个星期就完成这部歌剧，叫做摇篮坠落。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，告诉她自己哪些
21、音乐是他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分艰巨的工作是由艾米来完成的。练习：l. The music composed by David cope is aboutA classical music.2. By developing a computer software, David Cope aimed C to write an opera.3. What did Cope realize about a great composers brain?D It creates an accurate database.4. Who is Emmy? B a computer softw
22、are5. We can infer from the passage thatD Emmy did much more work than a composer.三、补全短文How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear Most people think of Beethovens hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he wascomplete
23、ly deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but hisbiographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. Solomon argues that Beethovens deafness heightened his achievement as a composer. In his deaf world Beethovencould experiment, free from the sounds of the
24、 outside world, free to create new forms andharmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to hear music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played. Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf
25、at the age of 21. . He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldnt differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to hear music which
26、 is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods. How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both out there and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant
27、. No man-made device could replace the ability to hear . However,it might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first switched on his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all Clear. Gradually, with
28、much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When peoplespoke to Eagar, he heard their voices coming through like a long-distance telepho
29、ne call ona poor connection. But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. When he wanted to appreciate music,Eagar played the piano. . He said, I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added c
30、larity to hearing in myhead. Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which canchange their lives. Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant. . Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless t
31、o Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.三、补全短文How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear Most people think of Beethovens hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he wascompletely deaf.This
32、is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but hisbiographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. Solomon argues that Beethovens deafness heightened his achievement as a composer. In his deaf world Beethovencould experiment, free from the sounds of the outside worl
33、d, free to create new forms andharmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to hear music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played. Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of
34、 21. . He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldnt differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to hear music which is new to me
35、 and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods. How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both out there and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. No man-made
36、 device could replace the ability to hear . However,it might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first switched on his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all Clear. Gradually, with much hard wor
37、k, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When peoplespoke to Eagar, he heard their voices coming through like a long-distance telephone call ona p
38、oor connection. But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. When he wanted to appreciate music,Eagar played the piano. . He said, I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hea
39、ring in myhead. Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which canchange their lives. Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant. . Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven a
40、s he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.
41、Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eigh
42、t.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league a
43、nd rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations
44、 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa h
45、asopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures comp
46、laint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be ver
47、y calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85
48、kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it i