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1、专业好文档实用卫生统计学期末复习题2013.1一、名词解释1构成比：又称构成指标，它表示事物内部各组成部分所占的比重或分步。2综合评价：是指人们根据不同的评价目的，选择相应的评价形式，据此选择多个因素或指标，并通过一定的数学模型，将多个评价因素或指标转化为能反映评价对象总体特征的信息。3可比性：指除了处理因素外，其他可能影响结果的非处理因素在各组间应该尽可能相同或相近，即“齐同”。4参数检验：是一种要求样本来自总体分布型是已知的（如正态分布），在这种假设的基础上，对总体参数（如总体均数）进行统计推断的假设检验。5非参数检验：是一种不依赖总体分布类型，也不对总体参数（如总体均数）进行统计推断的假
2、设检验。6抽样误差：在同一总体中随机抽取样本含量相同的若干样本时，样本指标之间的差异以及样本指标与总体指标的差异，称为抽样误差。7变异：是指同一性质的事务，其观察值之间的差异，在统计学上就称作变异。8卫生统计学：是运用数理统计的基本原理和方法，通过数据的收集，整理和分析，研究预防医学和卫生事业管理中随机现象规律性的一门应用科学。9随机抽样：就是按照随机的原则获得样本，保证总体中每个个体都有同等机会被抽取，使样本对总体有较好的代表性。10频率：若随机事件在n次重复中出现m次，则n/m比值成为随机事件出现的频率。11区间估计：按一定的概率估计总体参数所在的可能范围的方法。二、简答题1. 完全设计的
3、两样本均数比较的t检验与方差分析之间的关系如何？2. 假设检验的结论为什么不能绝对化？3请总结直线相关系数r与直线回归系数b的意义及特点？4. 应用相对数时有哪些注意事项？答案：3.答：直线相关系数r是说明具有直线关系的两个变量间，相关关系的密切程度与相关方向的统计指标。总体相关系数用表示，样本和相关系数用r表示，r是的估计值。相关系数没有单位，取值范围是-1r1。r值为正，表示两变量呈正相关，x与y变化趋势是正向的。r值为负，表示两变量呈负相关，x与y呈反向变化。通常r的绝对值越大，表示两变量相关关系越密切。直线回归系数b即回归直线的斜率，b0表示直线从左下方走向右上方，y随x增大而增大；b
4、0表示直线从左上方走向右下方，y随x增大而减小；b=0则直线与x轴平行，x与y无直线关系。b的统计学意义是x每增加（减）一个单位，y平均改变b个单位。4. （1）构成比与率是意义不同的两个统计指标，应用时不能相互混淆。（2分）构成比说明事物内部各组成部分所占的比重，而率说明某事物或现象的发生频率或强度，不能以构成比代替率来说明问题。（2）样本含量太小时，不宜计算相对数，最好用绝对数来表示。（3）对各组观察例数不等的几个率，不能直接相加求其总率。（4）在比较相对数时应注意资料的可比性。三计算题1.某医院对医院的医生和护士的年龄分布进行了调查，整理得到下表，请根据统计表制表原则和注意事项指出问题所
5、在并予以修改。某医院医生和护士年龄分布表医生护士人次20015030岁以下3140415051605.020.050.025.026.733.333.36.7答：表中的问题主要有（1）标题不确切改标题。（2分）（2）标目设置不当（2分），增加构成比。（2分）（3）表中数字不明，应增加“人数”。（2分）（4）线条不规范。（2分）建议修改的表如下表（5分） 2.某地随机抽样调查了部分健康成人的红细胞数和血红蛋白量，结果如下表：某年某地健康成年人的红细胞数和血红蛋白含量指 标性别例数均数标准差标准值*红细胞数男3604.660.584.84（10/L）女2554.180.294.33血红蛋白男360
6、134.57.1140.2（g/L）女255117.610.2124.7*实用内科学(1976年)所载均数(转为法定单位)请就上表资料：(1) 说明女性的红细胞数与血红蛋白的变异程度何者为大？(2) 计算男性两项指标的抽样误差。(3) 试估计该地健康成年女性红细胞数的均数。(4) 该地健康成年男、女血红蛋白含量是否不同？(5) 该地男性两项血液指标是否均低于上表的标准值(若测定方法相同)？答: (1) CV1=100%=(0.29/4.18)100%=6.94%CV2=100%=(10.2/117.6)100%=8.67%因为CV1CV2，所以女性的血红蛋白的变异程度大。（2）=0.031 =
7、0.374四、单选题1.关于标准差，下面哪个说法是正确的( B )。 A.标准差可以是负数 B .同一资料的标准差一定比均数小 C.标准差无单位 D .标准差必定大于或等于零2.比较身高与体重的变异程度，适宜的指标是( D )。 A极差 B标准差 C四分位数间距 D变异系数3.假设检验中的把握度是指( D )。A B1- C D1-4.下列统计方法中属于非参数检验的是( D )。Au检验 Bt检验 C方差分析 D秩和检验5医学人口统计应属于卫生统计学中的哪部分内容( C )。 A. 卫生统计学基本原理 B. 卫生统计学基本方法 C. 健康统计 D.卫生服务统计 6. 原始数据分布不明时，表示其
8、集中趋势易采用 ( C ) 。 A. 算数均数 B. 几何均数 C. 中位数 D. 标准差7表示均数抽样误差大小的统计指标是( B )。 A 标准差 B 均数标准误 C 方差 D 变异系数8.下面哪一个不是问卷的顺序（ B ）。 时间顺序 字母顺序 内容顺序 类别顺序9.在比较完全随机设计两个小样本的均数时，需用t检验的情况是( A )。A两总体方差不等 B两样本方差不等C两样本均数不等 D两总体均数不等10. 三个率比较的卡方检验，若P0.05，则结论是( C )。A三个样本率各不相同 B总体率之间两两有差别11.为表示某地近20年来婴儿死亡率的变化情况，宜绘制( A )。A普通线图 B直方
9、图 C直条图 D散点图12.某日门诊各科疾病分类资料，可作为（C ）A计算死亡率的基础 B、计算发病率的基础 C、计算构成比的基础 D、计算病死率的基础13来自正态总体且方差齐性的多个样本均数比较时，通常选择的方法是（C）AU检验 B、t检验 C、方差分析 D、q检验14.下面哪一个不是问卷的顺序（ ）。 时间顺序 字母顺序 内容顺序 类别顺序15下面的指标不是反映疾病频率的是( )。 A. 两周患病率 B. 两周每千人患病日数C. 慢性病患病率 D.两周卧床率16编制某年某地区的女性简略寿命表需要（ ）。 A年龄组死亡数 B年龄组平均人口数 C出生活产数 D出生活产数、年龄组平均人口数和死亡
10、数17.用某年全市的出生数和婴儿死亡数计算婴儿死亡率，这种方法是属于(C )。A抽样研究 B参数估计 C统计描述 D统计推断18. 要减小抽样误差，最切实可行的方法是( A )。A适当增加观察例数 B控制个体变异C严格挑选观察对象 D考察总体中每一个个体Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-
11、back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competition
12、s top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance o
13、f becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of
14、Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I woul
15、d like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee
16、s actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important
17、role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather liv
18、es. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence
19、.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester
20、.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos
21、focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but
22、not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure game
23、s - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.