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1、i Translation Shift and Translator s Subjectivity: A Case Study of Translator s Subjectivity in Lin Shu and Wei Yi s Translation of Uncle Tom s Cabin 说明 以下是一篇本科毕业论文翻译方向的示范论文，在论文每一部分之后都附有作者 的评论和建议，希望能对在此领域的论文写作者有所启发和帮助。 ii Abstract Translation shift and the translator are two of the factors rarely no
2、ticed in the long tradition of equivalent translation research. However, careful description of translation practice shows that translation is filled with changes and shifts. The translator by whom translation shifts are produced is an important factor that should not be ignored. The dissertation co
3、nnects nonequivalent translation with translator s subjectivity to explore how translation shifts are made by translators and the elements that affect translators decision making. Lin Shu and Wei Yi s translation of Uncle Toms Cabin is selected as a case study. Based on theories after the culture tu
4、rn and especially Robison s Somatics of Translation, the analysis mainly focuses on two kinds of translation shifts which are (1) omissions in contents and (2) additions in contents. Through the analysis, it is found that various translation shifts can be explained effectively from the perspective o
5、f translator s subjectivity. There is a close relation between translation shift and the translator. While making translation shifts, translators are motivated by two elements: one is their ideosomatic response to social calls, and the other is their idiosomatic response to their personal experience
6、s. Through the translator, all kinds of factors involved in translation such as social conventions and translators personal background are seen and explored. Studying translation shift from the translator s perspective helps to understand translation practice in a much wider context. Key Words: tran
7、slation shift, nonequivalent translation, translator s subjectivity, ideosomatic response, idiosomatic response iii 提要 长期以来，在传统的等值翻译研究中， 翻译转移以及译者的角色都是极少被 提及的两个问题。 然而，通过仔细的文本对比和描述可以发现，翻译实践充满了 各种变化与转移。 翻译转移经由译者产生， 译者是造成不等值翻译的不能被忽略 的重要因素。 本文结合不等值翻译和译者主体性，探讨译者是如何制造翻译转移 的，以及影响译者决策的因素。 本文选取林纾与魏易翻译的 汤姆叔叔的小
8、屋 作为个案研究。 基于文化转 向后的翻译理论特别是鲁宾逊的翻译身体学，本文主要分析两类翻译转移：（1） 内容缺省；（2）内容增添。 通过分析发现，从译者主体性的角度出发，翻译转移可以得到有效的解释。 译者与翻译转移有着紧密的联系。 译者在制造翻译转移的过程中主要受到两个因 素的影响，一是译者对社会的需求所产生的意识形态身体反应，二是译者因独特 的个人经历而产生的个人身体反应。 透过译者，可以发现并探讨翻译实践背后牵涉的种种因素，如社会习俗， 译 者的个人背景。从译者的角度来探讨翻译中的不等值现象有助于从更广的情景来 理解翻译实践。 关键词： 翻译转移 不等值翻译译者主体性意识形态身体反应个人
9、身体反应 提要的写作建议 提要（也称摘要）是对论文的整体介绍，一般来说，提要应包含背景信息，研究目标， 研究方法， 研究结果， 研究意义等。 提要的撰写应特别注意重点信息的提炼以及语言的精炼 （Huang (2) translator s idiosomatic response. 1.3 Structure of the Dissertation The dissertation consists of four chapters. The first chapter is a general introduction to the research. Chapter Two describ
10、es the research turn from translation equivalence to nonequivalence and how the role of the translator is noticed. Chapter Three is a case study on translators subjectivity in Lin the other a concept of what the role of literature is, or should be, in the social system as a whole (Lefevere, 1992/200
11、4: 26). Dominant poetics decides what is in and what is out (Lefevere, 1992/2004: 36) in translation. Secondly, outside the literary system, patronage contains three components which are the ideological component, the economic component and the component of status, but the ideological component play
12、s as the major component. Professional within the literary system is the third factor that affects rewriting. Professionals include critics, reviewers, teachers and translators. According to Lefevere (1992/2004: 8), translators adapt, manipulate the originals they work with to some extent, usually t
13、o make them fit in with the dominant, or one of the dominant ideological and poetological current of their time . Translators play an active rewriting role. In most cases they follow the dominant power, but in other cases, 5 they oppose it. They can choose to adapt to the system, to stay within the
14、parameters delimited by its constraints or they may choose to oppose the system, to try to operate outside its constraints (Lefevere, 1992/2004: 13). Lefevere s manipulation theory provides an efficient tool to study translation shifts. Factors within and outside the literary system are considered.
15、The translator is treated as an active rewriter, making all kinds of changes and shifts. However, the subjectivity of the translator is only shown through his/her reaction to external factors such as the ideology and poetics. Translators individual elements are not considered, which is not sufficien
16、t because translators personal marks are inevitably influencing translation as discussed below. 2.3.2 Translator s Visibility: Translators Turn Robinson (1991/2006)proposes the aspect of body in translation research, which is to draw attention to the factors of human, feelings, emotions and so on. H
17、e creates a new term for his theory: Somatics of Translation. According to Robinson (1991/2006: xxvi), somatic intuition guides the performance of the translator s task . Translators have their own feelings for the source text. They respond to their intuitive feeling, and render the source text in t
18、he target culture. The translator invariably turns the original, turns away from it in to the TL (Robinson, 1991/2006: xxvii), because different translators come from different backgrounds, and they have different intuitive feelings for a certain source text. As a result, Robinson (1991/2006: xxvii)
19、 suggests that instead of pretending that the translator constructs a stable one-to-one pattern of correspondence or equivalence between the SL and the TL text (which proves to be ultimately impossible), we should recognize and, contextually, encourage the translator s poetic creativity . Their subj
20、ectivity should be encouraged. 2.3.2.1 Somatics of Translation: Idiosomatic and Ideosomatic Response Robinson s Somatics of Translation consists of two parts: the idiosomatics of translation and ideosomatics of translation. By idiosomatics, Robinson argues the importance of the translators feeling f
21、or language. There is no transcendental meaning in the original work, and there is no meaning when you do not feel (Robinson, 1991/2006: 15). Robinson encourages translators to follow their intuitive feelings and idiosomatic force in translation. A great translator will not shrink from somatic confu
22、sion, somatic inconsistency, will not retreat into protective intellection, 6 but will boldly flesh out the contradictory and conflicting body of his or her response with the overriding conviction (Robinson, 1991/2006: 22). Idiosomatic force from translators special experience is an important part o
23、f translators somatic response. A second part of translators somatic response is the ideosomatic response controlled by the society and culture. Our body responds as much to the individual experience as to the collective ideology, because we are, after all, permeated with the values of our society,
24、and collective values saturate our every cell (Robinson, 1991/2006: 30). We are shaped by the culture and society we live in and at the same time, we work to shape and bring others into our culture values. An enculturated person will work throughout his or her life to enculturate others, to bring pe
25、ers, children, grandchildren, students and so on, into the same set of cultural values (Robinson, 1991/2006: 31). Robinson takes ideology as an inner power that generates from our own body and shapes our somatic response. Our body has an inner sense of right and wrong. We know it is right to act thi
26、s way, even though we are not sure how we know it is right (Robinson, 1991/2006: 30). There is no transcendental ideology or rules out there, but all human, all within our body (Robinson, 1991/2006: 30-31). Ideology is not outside, preexisted, but inside our body. In conclusion, the real individual
27、feeling and collective feeling together make up our somatic response. We are a complex mixture of idosomatic and ideosomatic experience-our individual experience is a combination of truly individual or private or personal experience and the collective experience that was programmed into us at an ear
28、ly age (Robinson, 1991/2006: 32). 2.3.2.2 Definition of Translator s Subjectivity Subjectivity is neither completely personal nor externally controlled. In this dissertation, a working definition of translators subjectivity is based on the arguments above. Robinson s Somatics of Translation is adopt
29、ed to include both the idiosomatic and ideosomatic response as two necessary parts for translators subjectivity. The idiosomatic part involves the translators own feeling for language, personal experiences and so on, while the ideosomatic part involves collective and social experience which includes
30、 Lefeveres ideology and poetics. 7 2.4 Summary As the studies on translation shifts and translator s subjectivity reviewed above indicate, translation is no longer treated as a scientific process of mechanical transformation between languages. Equivalence is no longer the only goal. Translation is a
31、fter all an act of human. Translators are encouraged to respect their own feelings in translation to realize their own identity and subjectivity. It is the translators turn to have their own voice and show their visibility.There needs a translators turn in translation studies. With the influence of
32、post-modernism and deconstructionism, the center of original meaning is destructed and translation studies move out of the traditional equivalence theories which hold the original work in the center. Translators, as a result, are given much more freedom. Translators subjectivity is explored and stud
33、ied from various approaches, such as the deconstructive approach, hermeneutic approach, postcolonial approach, feminist approach and so on. Based on the studies done by previous researchers, this dissertation further explores translation shift from the perspective of translators subjectivity through
34、 a case study. The relation between translation shift and translators subjectivity is studied. 文献综述的写作建议 第二章是文献综述，主要是总结前人做过的与论文题目相关的研究。文献综述为将 要进行的研究提供了出发点和支撑，关于此研究，前人做过什么，存在哪些不足，以前 人的研究为出发点，论文再进一步完善，补充或支撑这方面的研究。在写文献综述的时 候，应注意以下两点： (1) 文献综述常涉及许多别人的研究成果及观点，规范注释是很重要的，不然很容易构成 剽窃。 由于不熟悉学术规范，本科学生引用别人的观点常常
35、忘记加双引号，或忘记注 明引用了何人何时的观点，特别是在间接引用别人观点的时候，常出现没有注释的情 况。因此，在写文献综述之前，最好能先学习一下引用的要求及格式，并在文中采取 统一的注释格式。本文采用的是夹注注释。 (2)在写文献综述的时候，最好能掌握第一手研究资料。本科学生对学术著作的阅读量相 对较小， 在写毕业论文的时候又面临就业压力，没有足够的时间阅读原著，一些学生 8 会把别人对相关理论的评论作为文献综述的主要来源，借用二手的资料来写文献综述 （如英语专业的学生不看相关理论的原著，而是通过相关的中文介绍和评论来写文献 综述）。学生可以通过相关的评论资料来迅速了解相关的理论，但是在写文献
36、综述的 时候，最好能亲自阅读原著并总结大意，因为一手资料比二手资料的可信度更高。 9 Chapter Three Case Study of Lin Shu and Wei Yi s Translation of Uncle Toms Cabin 3.1 Introduction Lin Shu and Wei Yis translation of Uncle Tom s Cabin is selected as a case study in this dissertation. Two kinds of representative shifts which appear frequent
37、ly in the two versions are taken as examples and analyzed carefully: omissions in contents and additions in contents. Shifts are analyzed from the two aspects of translator s subjectivity: (1) translator s ideosomatic response; and (2) translator s idiosomatic response. 3.2 Omissions in Contents Omi
38、ssion is the most obvious shift made in Lin he s broke a many, many, many hearts,I tell ye all! she said, stopping, with a fork uplifted in her hands; it s like what Mas r George reads in Ravelations, souls a callin under the altar! and a callin on the Lord for vengeance on sich!and by and by the Lo
39、rd he ll hear emso he will! (Stowe, 1986: 110) 1b 克罗曰： 如此始当其罚。彼惯寡人之妻，孤人之子，大命亦近矣。 （Lin & Wei, 1901/1981: 25） In the example, Aunt Chloe mentioned the chapter Ravelations in the Bible, talking about the vengeance of Lord on people. As underlined above, this part is deleted by Lin & Wei. Besides, there
40、 is a quotation from the Bible at the beginning of each chapter from chapter 31 to chapter 40. These quotations are all omitted. A second kind of content deleted frequently is the authors own comments on the slavery system. In Uncle Tom s Cabin, Mrs. Stowe often cuts in the plot and gives 10 comment
41、s on the slavery system. These discussions are almost deleted completely in Lin & Weis translation, for example: Example 2 2a. He was possessed of a handsome person and pleasing manners, and was a general favorite in the factory. Nevertheless, as this young man was in the eye of the law not a man, b
42、ut a thing, all these superior qualifications were subject to the control of a vulgar, narrow-minded, tyrannical master. (Stowe, 1986: 55) 2b.哲而治躯干面貌均佳，为是人人爱昵，咸与交契，不复计其出生，威立森亦穷极恩 礼。特其原买之主人百端凌践，仍以兽畜之， 未尝少假颜色。(Lin & Wei, 1901/1981: 7) In this example, the discussion about Harris s being taken as a thi
43、ng in law, which is a condemnation on slavery for treating a person as a thing, is not translated. A third type of omission in content is descriptions of characters and other details. A lot of detailed descriptions of characters in Uncle Tom s Cabin are cut except for a few most important characters
44、. For example: Example 3 3a Haley hastened out. Standing by the bar, in the corner of the room, was a brawny, muscular man, full six feet in height, and broad in proportion. He was dressed in a coat of buffalo-skin, made with the hair outward, which gave him a shaggy and fierce appearance, perfectly
45、 in keeping with the whole air of his physiognomy. In the head and face every organ and lineament expressive of brutal and unhesitating violence was in a state of the highest possible development. Indeed, could our readers fancy a bull- dog come unto man s estate, and walking about in a hat and coat
46、, they would have no unapt idea of the general style and effect of his physique. (Stowe, 1986: 122) 3b 直趣门外，见一人尘容可掬，体极丰硕，着牛皮衣，刚毛外撬，而貌丑怪如野叉， 则其友荡姆也。(Lin & Wei, 1901/1981: 29) The underlined descriptions of one of the characters Tom Loker are deleted in Lin & Wei s translation. Similarly, detailed des
47、criptions of another character named Marks who is Tom Loker s partner are also cut into one sentence. Besides descriptions for characters, other details such as descriptions of places, dialogue, and background information are also deleted dramatically. 3.2.1 Analysis of Lin & Weis Omissions of Conte
48、nts: Ideosomatic Response Before the analysis starts, it is necessary to clarify that in Lin Shu and Wei Yi s 11 translation of Uncle Tom s Cabin, Lin Shu played the major role of making translation choices. Lin Shu liked to change the original text, and Wei Yi often argued with Lin Shu about this p
49、roblem. He did not agree with Lin Shu s deletion (Cai, 2007). According to Wei Yi s daughter, Wei Yi often argued with Lin Shu that they should not change and delete the contents of the original text (Cai, 2007). According to Robison (1991/2006:10), translators areideologically controlled, which results in their ideosomatic responses. To understand Lin & Weis omissions of the contents, it is necessary to introduce the social background first. In 1901, China