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1、第一篇第一篇A A A ALifeLifeLifeLife withwithwithwith BirdsBirdsBirdsBirds For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of Londons yeoman warders, , , , _ betterbetterbetterbetter known totouristsasbeefeaters.David,64,livesina three-bedroomed flat right at the toptoptoptop of the Byward To
2、wer, one of the gatehouses.“FromFromFromFrom our bedroom we have a marvelous(a.奇妙的，不可思议的) view of Tower Bridge and the Thames,“says David. The Tower of London is famous f f f forororor. . . . its ravens(n.乌 鸦，黑色的鸟), the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was imm
3、ediately fascinated(着迷，吸引) by the birds and when he was _ offeredofferedofferedoffered_ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no _ hesitationhesitationhesitationhesitation_ in accepting it. “The birds have now become my life and Im always _ awareawareawareaware of the fact that I am _ main
4、tainingmaintainingmaintainingmaintaining _ a tradition. The legend(传奇，传说) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and its my job to _ _ _ _ makemakemakemakesure this doesnt happen!“ David devotesdevotesdevotesdevotesabout four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He
5、has grown to love them and the _ factfactfactfact that he lives right next to them is ideal. “I can keepkeepkeepkeep a close eye on them all the time, and not just when Im working.“ AtAtAtAt firstfirstfirstfirst, Davids wife Mo was not _keen_keen_keen_keen on the idea of life in the Tower, but she t
6、oo will be sad to leave when he retires next year. “When we look out of our windows, we see history allallallall around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories.“ 第二篇第二篇A A A ALuckyLuckyLuckyLucky BreakBreakBreakBreak Actor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and
7、 it always seems to happen when hes doingdoingdoingdoing sport. In the film PlayIttotheBoneheplaysplaysplaysplaysthepartofa middleweight(n.中量级拳击手) boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. DuringDuringDuringDuringthe making of the film Harrelson keptkeptkeptkeptcomplaining that the fight scenesscenesscenessc
8、eneswerent very convincing(a.有说服力的，令人信服的), so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasnt keenkeenkeenkeenon the idea at first, but he was eventualleventualleventualleventually y y ypersuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the b
9、oxing ring( 拳赛场地). However, when he realized how seriously(认真地) his opponentopponentopponentopponent was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas sosososohard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Gr
10、iffith, was furious(a.暴 怒的，强烈的) that he had been playing “silly macho(a. 雄 壮 的 ， 男 子 气 概 的 ) games“. “She was right,“ confesses(v.承认，坦白) Banderas, “and I was a fool to taketaketaketakea risk like that in the middle of a movie.“ He was remindedremindedremindedremindedof the time he broke his leg duri
11、ng a football match in his native Malaga. He had always dreameddreameddreameddreamedof becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. “Thats whenIdecided to take upupupup acting; I saw it as anotheranotheranotheranotherway of
12、performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football pitchpitchpitchpitchwas, you might say, my first lucky break.“ 第三篇第三篇 GlobalGlobalGlobalGlobal WarmingWarmingWarmingWarming 全球变暖全球变暖 Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the worlds climate
13、(n.气候，风 气). Many scientists putputputputthe blame for recent natural disasters on the increase inin ininthe worlds temperatures and are convinced that, more than evereverevereverbefore, the Earth is at riskriskriskriskfrom the forces(暴力) of the wind, rain and sun. AccordingAccordingAccordingAccordin
14、gtothem,globalwarmingismaking extreme(极端的) weather events, suchsuchsuchsuchas hurricanes(n. 飓风，暴风) and droughts(n.干旱，早灾), even more severesevereseveresevereand causing sea levels all around the world to riseriseriserise. Environmental groups are putting pressurepressurepressurepressureon governments
15、 to take action to reduce the amountamountamountamountof carbon dioxide(n. 二 氧 化 碳 ) which is given offoffoffoffby factories and power plants, thus attacking( 攻 击 ) the problem at its source. They are in favourfavourfavourfavourof more money being spent on research into solar(a.太阳的 n.太阳 能 ), wind an
16、d wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power stationsstationsstationsstations. Some scientists, howeverhoweverhoweverhowever believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere(n. 大 气 ) tomorrow, we would have to wait severalseveralseveralse
17、veral( ( ( (几几 ) ) ) ) hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay(停留). 第四篇第四篇A A A ASuccessSuccessSuccessSuccess StoryStoryStoryStory At 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have mademademademadetheir fortune(财富) throu
18、gh the Internet. WhatWhatWhatWhatmakes Bens story all the more remarkable(a.卓越的，值得注意的) is that he is dyslexic(a.诵读困难的 n.诵读困难者), and was toldtoldtoldtoldby teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properlyproperlyproperlyproperly. “I wanted to prove them wrongwrongwr
19、ongwrong“, says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls. When he was eight, his local authorities(n.权威，权 力，当权) providedprovidedprovidedprovidedhim with a PC to help with school work. Although he was unableunableunableunable
20、to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouragedencouragedencouragedencouraged by his father, he soon began chargingchargingchargingchargingpeople $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he setsetsetset up his own computer consultancy(n.咨询公司， 顾问工作),
21、Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devotedevotedevotedevote all his time to business. “By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a couplecouplecouplecoupleof employees to help me“, says Ben. “That enabled me to start doingdoingdoingdo
22、ingbusiness with bigger companies.” It was his ability to consistently(始终如一的) overcomeovercomeovercomeovercomedifficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur(n.企业家， 主办者) of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal worthworthworthwort
23、h$25 million with a private investment(n. 投 资 ， 投 入 ) company, which will finance(为供给资金) his search engine. 第五篇第五篇 TrafficTrafficTrafficTraffic inin inin OurOurOurOur CitiesCitiesCitiesCities The volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, incl
24、uding serious air pollution, lengthy(a.漫长的， 冗长的) delays,andthegreaterriskofof ofofaccidents.Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuadepersuadepersuadepersuadepeople to change their habits and leave their cars at home. One possible approachapproachapproachapproach is to ma
25、ke it more expensive for people to use their cars by increasingincreasingincreasingincreasing charges for parking and bringingbringingbringingbringingin tougher(严格的, 强硬的) fines for(因 而罚( 款) anyone who breaksbreaksbreaksbreaksthe law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular
26、 routes at different times of the day. This system, knownknownknownknownas “road pricing“, is already being introduced in a numbernumbernumbernumberof cities, using a special electronic card fixedfixedfixedfixed to the windscreen(n.汽车挡风玻璃) of the car. Another way of dealingdealingdealingdealingwith
27、the problem is to provide cheap parking on the outskirtsoutskirtsoutskirtsoutskirts of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the finalfinalfinalfinalstage of their journey. Of course, the most im
28、portant thingthingthingthingis to provide good public transport. However, to get people to givegivegivegive upupupup the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable(a.可靠的， 可信赖的), convenient(方便的) and comfortable, with fares(票价) keptkeptkeptkept at an acceptable level 第六篇第六篇 Te
29、achingTeachingTeachingTeaching andandandand learninglearninglearninglearning Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lielielielie withwithwithwith( 是 的 责 任 ) the student. If a long reading assignment(n.任务，作业) is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the informat
30、ioninformationinformationinformation_in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideaideaideaidea _ _ _ _ student is considered to be one who is motivated(v.刺激，激发的积极性) to learn for the sake of( 为 了 ) learning_learning_learning_learning_, not the one interestedo
31、nlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimes homework is returned withwithwithwith brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsibleresponsibleresponsibleresponsible for learning the material assigned. When research is assignedassignedassignedassigned _ _ _ _ ,
32、 the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimumminimumminimumminimum guidance. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain howhowhowhow a university library works; they expe
33、ct students particularlyparticularlyparticularlyparticularlygraduate students to exhaust(v.耗尽，使筋疲力尽;彻底讨论) the reference _ _ _ _ sources_sources_sources_sources_ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but preferpreferpreferpreferthat their students should not be tootootootoo( ( (
34、(太太) ) ) ) dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besidesbesidesbesidesbesidesteaching, such as administrative(adj. 管 理 的, 行 政 的) or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limitedlimitedlimitedlimited. If a s
35、tudent has problems with classroom work , the student should either _ _ _ _ approachapproachapproachapproach _ _ _ _ a professor during office hours or make an appointment(n.约定，约会). * * * *第七篇第七篇 TheTheTheThe DifferenceDifferenceDifferenceDifference betweenbetweenbetweenbetween ManManManMan andandan
36、dand ComputerComputerComputerComputer Whatmakespeopledifferentfromcomputer programs? What is the missing element(n.元素，成分， 要 素) that our theories dont yet account_account_account_account_ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about _ _ _ _ what_what_what
37、_what_ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, dont. In fact, computers dontevenevenevenevenhaveinterests;thereisnothingin particular(尤其, 特别) that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer programprogramprogramprogram_ is to be a model of story understanding, it should
38、also read for a “purpose“. Of course, people have several goals that do not make sensesensesensesenseto attribute to computers. One might read a restaurantguideinin ininordertosatisfyhungeror entertainment(n.娱乐，消遣) goals, or to findfindfindfinda good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do no
39、t get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches. However, these physiological(adj.生理学的,生理的) and social goals give riseriseriseriseto several intellectual(adj.智 力的， 聪明的) or cognitive(adj.认知的， 认识上的) goals. Agoal to satisfy hunger gives rise to(引起, 导致) goals to find informationinformationinfor
40、mationinformation about the name of a restaurant which servesservesservesserves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to _ _ _ _ acquireacquireacquireacquireinformation or knowledge, what we are calling learninglearninglearning
41、learning _ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer mightmightmightmight_ “want“ to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so inin ininthe same way as a person might. While such a goal would not ariseariseariseariseout of hunger in the case of the c
42、omputer, it might well(很可能) arise out of the “goal“ to learn more about restaurants. * * * *第八篇第八篇 LookLookLookLook onononon TheTheTheThe BrightBrightBrightBright SideSideSideSide Do you ever wish you were more optimistic(adj.乐 观的，乐观主义的), someone who always expectedexpectedexpectedexpectedto be succ
43、essful? Having someone around who always fearsfearsfearsfears the worst isnt really a lot of funfunfunfun . We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, “It looks likelikelikelikerain.“But if you catch yourself thinking such things,its important to do something aboutaboutabou
44、taboutit(代前面整 句话，指这个状况、情况、事实). You can change your view of life, accordingaccordingaccordingaccordingto psychologists(心理学家). It only takes a little effort, and youll find life more rewarding(adj.有益的，值得的，有 报酬的) as a resultresultresultresult . Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confide
45、nce but its also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offerofferofferoffer . Optimists are more likelylikelylikelylikelyto start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks. Upbringing(教养，养育，抚育) is obviously(adv.明 显地，显然地) very important in forming your attitudeatti
46、tudeattitudeattitude to the world. Some people are brought up to dependdependdependdependtoo much on others and grow up(成长) forever blaming(v.责 备，归咎于) other people when anything goesgoesgoesgoeswrong. Most optimists,on the _ _ _ _otherotherotherotherhand, have been brought up not to regardregardrega
47、rdregardfailure as the end of the worldthey just getgetgetgetononononwith their lives. * * * *第九篇第九篇 TheTheTheThe FirstFirstFirstFirst BicycleBicycleBicycleBicycle 第一辆自行车第一辆自行车 The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count( 伯 爵 ) de Sivrac delighteddelighteddelighteddeligh
48、ted onlookers(观众) in a park in Paris as he showedshowedshowedshowed offoffoffoffhis two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifer. It was basically an enlargedenlargedenlargedenlargedversion of a childrens toy which had been in useuseuseusefor many years. Sivracs “celerifer“had a wooden fram
49、e, made in the shapeshapeshapeshapeof a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either endTo ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hardhardhardhardagainst the groundgroundgroundgroundwith your legsthere were no pedals(踏板，脚蹬子). It was impossible to steer(驾驶，操纵，控制) a celerifer and it had no brakes(闸，刹车),but despite these problems the invention very much appealedappealedappealedappealedto the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holdingholdingholdingholdingraces up and down the streets. Minor injuriesinjuriesinjuriesin