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1、2015201520152015年职称英语年职称英语年职称英语年职称英语 理工理工理工理工A A A A重点文章重点文章重点文章重点文章 完型填空完型填空完型填空完型填空 小抄版小抄版小抄版小抄版 字典版字典版字典版字典版 【1 1 1 1】CaptainCaptainCaptainCaptain CookCookCookCookArrowArrowArrowArrow Legend(Legend(Legend(Legend(库克船长弓箭的库克船长弓箭的 传说传说) ) ) ) It was a great legend whileitlasted, but DNA testing has f
2、inally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorerCaptainJamesCookwhodiedinthe Sandwich Islands in 1779. “There is no Cook in the Australian Museum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow
3、 was not made of Cooks bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its exhibition, “Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which does include a feather cape presented to Cook byHawaiian King Kalaniopuu in 1778. Cook was one of Britains great explorers and
4、 is credited with discovering the “Great South Land,” now Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii. The legend of Cooks arrow began in 1824 when Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cooks wif
5、e, sayingitwas made of Cooks bone after the fatal fight with islanders. In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued untilitcame face-to-face with science. DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cooks bone but
6、 was more likely made of animal bone, said Philp. However, Cooks fans refuse to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cooks body was buried at sea in 1779. “On this occasion technology has won,
7、” said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a statement from Britain. “But I am sure that one of these days one of the Cook legends will prove to be true anditwill happen one day.” 【2 2 2 2】AvalancheAvalancheAvalancheAvalancheandandandandItsItsItsItsSafety(Safety(Safety(Safety(雪
8、崩和安全问题雪崩和安全问题) ) ) ) An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property. All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too ma
9、ssive and unstable for the slope that supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors. Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low
10、 risk of avalanche. Snow does not gather significantly on steep slopes; also, snowdoesnotfloweasilyonflatslopes. Human-triggeredavalancheshavethegreatest incidence when the snows angle of rest is between 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is g
11、reatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is :A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with use; that is , the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, thd more likelyitis
12、that an avalanche will occur. Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous process, including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weatherconditions,andhumanfactors.Several well-known good habits can
13、also reduce the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid attention to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the ter
14、rain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are missing or damaged. Avoid traveling below others whomight trigger an avalanche. 【5 5 5 5】 SingingSingingSingingSingingAlarmsAlarmsAlarmsAlarms CouldCouldCouldCould SaveSaveSaveSave thethethethe Blind(Blind(Blind(Blind(警报器救警报器救 盲人盲人) ) ) ) If you
15、 cannot see, you may not be able to find your way out of a burning building and that could be fatal. A company in Leeds could change all that with directional sound alarms capalbe of guiding you to the exit. Sound Alert, a company run by the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residen
16、tial home for blind people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria. The alarms produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the sound is comingfrom. Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be hear
17、d by humans.“It is a burst of white noise that people say sounds likestaticon theradio,”she says.“Its life-savingpotential is great.” She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of a large smoke-filled room. It took them nearly four
18、 minutes to find the door without a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one. Withingtonstudieshowthebrainprocesses sounds at the university. She says that the source of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms based on the sameconcepthavealr
19、eadybeeninstalledon emergencyvehicles. The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up or down stairs. They were developed with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels. 【3 3 3 3】GiantGiantGiantGiant Structures(Structures(Structures(Struc
20、tures(巨型建筑巨型建筑) ) ) ) It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more wonderful constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders. The Petron
21、as Twin Tower The petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999.With a height of 452 metres，the tall twin owers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41 floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing a gateway to the city.
22、 The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers. Constructed of high-strength concrete, the building provides around 1800 square metres of office space on every floor. Andithas a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base. Other features of this impressive building include double-de
23、cker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades. The Millau Bridge The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley,in southern France. At the timeitwas built,it was the worlds highest bridge, reaching over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful br
24、idge in the world. It was built to relieve Millaus congestion problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the most extremeseismic and climaticconditions. Besides,itis guaranteed for120 years! The Itaipu Dam The Itaip
25、u hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. It consists of a series of dams across the River Parana, which forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint pr
26、oject between the two countries. The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995itproduced 78% of Paraguays and 25% of Brazils energy needs. In its construction, the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers. It is a truly amazing wonder of en
27、gineering. 【4 4 4 4】AnimalAnimalAnimalAnimal s s s s “ “ “ “SixthSixthSixthSixth SenseSenseSenseSense” ” ” ”( ( ( (动物的动物的” ” ” ”第六感第六感” ” ” ”) ) ) ) Atsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild anim
28、als, however, seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that they possess a “sixth sense” for disasters, experts said. Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24000 people along the Indian Ocean islands coast clearly missed wi
29、ld beasts, with no dead animals found. “No elephants are dead, not even a dead rabbit. I think animals can sense disaster. They have a sixth sense. Theyknowwhenthingsarehappening,”H.D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lankas Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The wa
30、ves washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland atYalaNational Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lankas biggest wildlife reserve and home to hundreds ofwild elephants and several leopards. “There has been a lot of apparent evidence about dogsbarkingorbirdsmigratingbeforevolcanic eruptions or earthquake
31、s. Butithas not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior specialist at Johannesburg Zoo. “There have been no specific studies because you cantreally testitin a lab or field setting,” he told Reuters.Otherauthoritiesconcurredwiththis assessment. “Wildlife seem to be able to pick up c
32、ertain phenomenon, especially birds there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters,” said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife. Animals certainly rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators. The notion of an animal“six
33、th sense” or some other mythical power is an enduring one which the evidence onSri Lankas ravaged coast is likely to addto. The Romans saw owls as omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacredanimalsendowedwithspecialpowersor attributes. 【6 6 6 6】 CarCarCarCarThiev
34、esThievesThievesThieves CouldCouldCouldCould BeBeBeBe StoppedStoppedStoppedStoppedRemotely(Remotely(Remotely(Remotely(远程制远程制 止偷车贼止偷车贼) ) ) ) Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in a nasty surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer, and a radi
35、o signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off, he will not be able to start itagain. For now, such devices are only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization technology could soon s
36、tart to trickle down to ordinary cars, and should be available to ordinarycars in the UK in two months. The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car incorporates a miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS satellite positioning receiver. If the car is stolen, a coded ce
37、llphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicles engine management system and prevent the engine being restarted. There are even plans for immobilizers that shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system. In the UK, an array of technical f
38、ixes is already making life harder for car thieves. “The pattern of vehicles crime has changed,” says Martyn Rand all of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in part by the motor insurance industry. He saysitwould only take him a few minutes to teach a novice
39、how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old. Modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as their engine management computer will not allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition key. In the UK, technologies l
40、ike this have helped achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997. But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of the owners keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken by using the owners
41、keys, which doubles the previous years figure. Remote-controlled immobilization system would put a major new obstacle in the criminals way by making such thefts pointless.Agroup that includes Thatcham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a syste
42、m that could go on the market sooner than the customer expects. 【7 7 7 7】AnAnAnAn IntelligentIntelligentIntelligentIntelligent Car(Car(Car(Car(智能汽车智能汽车) ) ) ) Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain. Many humandrivers have allthese andcancontrol
43、 a fast-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself? There is a virtual driver in the smart car. This virtual driver has“eyes”, “brains”, “hands” and“feet”, too. The minicameras on each side of the car are his “eyes”, which observe the road conditions ahead of it. They watch the traff
44、ic to the cars left and right. There is also a highly automatic driving system in the car. It is the built-in computer, which is the virtual drivers “brain”. His “brain” calculates the speeds of other moving cars nearitand analyzes their positions. Basing on this information,itchooses the right path
45、 for the intelligent car, and gives instructions to the“hands” and “feet” to act accordingly. In this way, the virtual driver controls his car. What is the virtual drivers best advantage? He reacts quickly. The minicameras are sending images continuously to the“brain.” It completes the processing of
46、 the images within 100 milliseconds. However, the worlds best driver at least needs one second to react. Besides, when he takes action, he needs one more second. The virtual driver is really wonderful. He can reduce the accident rate considerably on expressways. In this case, can we let him have the
47、 wheel at any time and in any place? Experts warn that we cannot do that just yet. His ability to recognize things is still limited . He can now only drive an intelligent car onexpressways. 【8 8 8 8】 WhyWhyWhyWhy IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia NeedsNeedsNeedsNeedsItsItsItsIts DyingDyingDyingDying Vultures(Vul
48、tures(Vultures(Vultures(印度为什么印度为什么 需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰) ) ) ) The vultures inquestion may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp decline in three species of Indias vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration. anditpresents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The drama
49、tic decline in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the same areas as the birds. It is also causing seriouspublichealthproblemsacrosstheIndian sub-continent While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians, vultures have long played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India clean. It is because they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are traditionally left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year. Th