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1、NJ GREEN BUILDING MANUAL NEW COMMERCIAL UPDATED 28-APR-11 Interior Design and Lighting Design What is Interior Design and Lighting Design? When designing a lighting strategy, the daylighting, electrical lighting, and interior design require special consideration. The coordination of the electrical l
2、ighting system with the daylighting design is critical for the success of the system. Many green buildings use daylighting strategies to improve visual comfort while reducing electrical lighting load. However, unless combined with appropriate shading strategies, daylighting can lead to glare on comp
3、uter screens from the sun and sky, impacting occupants comfort and productivity at work. In turn, occupants often close blinds and turn on lights, which will compromise the daylighting strategy and increase building energy consumption.1 In addition, daylighting strategies can create unwanted heat ga
4、in in the hot summer months which can increase air conditioning loads. Using proper shading and other strategies can help to keep out unwanted sunlight in warmer months while still allowing daylight to penetrate the building. Just as important, interior design decisions such as furnishings and their
5、 location as well as paints and finishes, affect the overall lighting effect in a space. Interior finishes and furnishing need to be selected carefully in order to maintain the designed performance of the daylighting system. Dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting d
6、esign.2 Furniture, cubicles, workstations, etc. can block light and have a strong impact on the light levels in a given space. Any partition systems or permanent furniture such as lab tables should be modeled in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on the interior light levels.3 Th
7、e proximity and orientation of furniture to windows can impact the success of a lighting design. For example, if there is a glare on computer screens, the benefits of a strong lighting design will be lost if occupants take it upon themselves to block the light from the windows or reorient their furn
8、iture. The University of Minnesotas Center for 1 EnvironmentalE. http:/www.environmental- (accessed June 8, 2010). 2 US DOE. http:/www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial/lighting.html (accessed June 2, 2010). 3 Integrated Design Lab. http:/ (accessed June 2, 2010). Figure 1 Office interior and l
9、ighting design (Source: Halkin Photography LLC) NJ GREEN BUILDING MANUAL NEW COMMERCIAL UPDATED 28-APR-11 Sustainable Building Research (CSBR) has conducted post occupancy evaluations of the sustainable design efforts of several state agencies. Researchers found, for example, that when more daylight
10、 is incorporated into a green building, too little thought is sometimes given to shading and light control. The result is excessive glare, particularly in spaces where computers are used. To minimize the glare, occupants not only install blinds but also often had to resort to creativeand inelegantst
11、rategies such as covering windows with cardboard or using umbrellas over their desks.4 How to Integrate Lighting Design and Interior Design It is important for the project team to consider these lighting and interior design early in the design process. Decisions made early in the design process that
12、 deal with building orientation, form, room depth and height, and the position and size of windows have a significant impact on the level of daylighting and the eventual energy consumption of the finished building.5 The interior designer in developing a scope of work for a lighting consultant must b
13、e aware of the coordination of daylight/views with electrical ambient light and individual task lights.6 All of the following elements are important to consider in designing a lighting strategy:7 o Exterior shading and control devices o Glazing materials o Reflectances of room surfaces o Aperture/wi
14、ndow location o Integration with electric lighting controls o Interior design The daylight that arrives at a work surface comes from the following sources: Exterior reflected components - This includes ground surfaces, pavement, adjacent buildings, wide windowsills, and objects. Remember that excess
15、ive ground reflectance will result in glare. Direct sun/sky component - Direct sunlight typically blocked from occupied spaces because of heat gain, glare, and UV degradation issues. The sky dome then becomes an 4 AIA Best Practices. http:/www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/ek_members/documents/pdf/aiap0166
16、73.pdf (accessed June 7, 2010). 5 Austin Energy Green Building. http:/ .htm (accessed June 2, 2010). 6 Whole Building Design Guide. http:/www.wbdg.org/design/dd_interiordsgn.php (accessed May 30, 2010). 7 Whole Building Design Guide. http:/www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed June 2, 201
17、0). NJ GREEN BUILDING MANUAL NEW COMMERCIAL UPDATED 28-APR-11 important contribution to daylighting the space. Interior reflected component - Once the daylight enters the room, the surrounding wall, ceiling, and floor surfaces are important light reflectors. Using high reflectance surfaces will bett
18、er bounce the daylight around the room and it will reduce extreme brightness contrast. Window frame materials should be light-colored to reduce contrast with the view and have a non-specular finish to eliminate glare spots. The ceiling has a significant impact on the lighting effect in a room. High
19、reflectance paints and ceiling tiles are now available with .90 or higher reflectance values. Tilting the ceiling plane toward the daylight source increases the daylight that is reflected from the surface. In small rooms, the rear wall is the next important surface because it is directly facing the
20、window. This surface should also be a high reflectance matte finish. The sidewalls followed by the floor have less impact on the reflected daylight in the space. Major room furnishings such as office cubicles or partitions can have a significant impact on reflected light so select light-colored mate
21、rials. In addition, various types of lighting should be included in the design, namely: ambient, task, accent, and emergency. Each space will vary but careful balance of these types of lighting is important for efficient use of energy.8 1) Ambient lighting Used for general lighting purposes and is o
22、ften supplied by an overhead fixture. 2) Task lighting - Used for more focused tasks and detailed work. 3) Accent lighting Used for architectural purposes to highlight a specific feature of the building. 4) Emergency lighting - Used to point the way toward an exit should an emergency arise. Since li
23、ght essentially has no scale for architectural purposes, the proportions of the room are more important than the dimensions. A room that has a higher ceiling compared to the room depth will have deeper penetration of daylight whether from side lighting (windows) or top lighting (skylights and cleres
24、tories). Raising the window head height will also result in deeper penetration and more even illumination in the room. Punched window openings, such as small, square windows separated by wall area, result in uneven illumination and harsh contrast between the window and adjacent wall surfaces. A more
25、 8 US DOE Sustainable Guide http:/apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/commercial_initiative/sustainable_guide_ch5.pdf NJ GREEN BUILDING MANUAL NEW COMMERCIAL UPDATED 28-APR-11 even distribution is achieved with horizontal strip windows.9 Benefits Considering the relationship between li
26、ghting design and interior design can result in a successful lighting strategy that optimizes daylighting goals such as reducing operating costs, conserving energy, and providing occupant satisfaction. Costs Coordination between the lighting design and interior design can save money by optimizing th
27、e energy efficiency of a lighting design and reducing costly reconfigurations or add-ons to remediate occupants issues with glare or other lighting concerns. Although this approach may increase consultant fees in some instances, including the lighting and interior design consultants early in the pro
28、cess fosters an integrated design process and benefits the project as a whole. Resources US Department of Energy Building Technologies Program Commercial Buildings http:/www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial/lighting.html InformeDesign Newsletter http:/www.informedesign.umn.edu/_news/feb_v02-p.pdf Illuminating Engineering Society of North America http:/www.iesna.org/ 9 US DOE. http:/www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial/lighting.html (accessed June 2, 2010).