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1、microscopicmess367Stage Fright（阅读判断） Fall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Felts man when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist MstislavRostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic, 2 Mr. Felts
2、 man said, All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its sympt
3、oms : icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces, inside out,to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don t deny that yourre jittery, they urge; some excitement is
4、 natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance ,Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. And not one of “these please don
5、t kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them. She doesnt want to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright, says Dorothy Delay
6、, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20,he became the principal cellist of the Cleverl and Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience c
7、ould see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job. Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and
8、that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. They had to push him on stage, Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually, success can make th
9、ings worse. In the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont, have any expectations, Soprano June Anderson said. There s less to lose. Later on, when you re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to
10、lose. Anderson added, I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note. 如何避免怯场上台就跌倒。这是个奇特的办法！但不推荐。可它确实拯救了钢琴家弗拉基米尔菲兹曼，那个时候他才十几岁，正在莫斯科表演。资深大提琴手米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇故意在他上台前将他绊倒，帮助他摆脱上台前的恐慌。菲兹曼先生说：“所有的害怕都烟消云散类。我已经摔倒了，还有比这更糟糕的吗？”如今，音乐学校都在课堂中强调焦虑问题，因为这是讲授表演技巧和打好表演基础的课程。怯场有很多表现，比如手指冰冷、四肢发抖、心跳加速、大脑一片空白，音乐家们可以学
11、着用许多多应变策略应对这些问题。教师和心理学家给出了许多建议，从基础的做法，比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心，到精神训练，比如想象演出场景，有步骤地进行放松等。他们强调，不要掩饰你的紧张感，适度的兴奋对于精彩演出是正当甚至是必要的。为了积累经验，要常在公众场合演出。黛安尼克尔斯是一名心理治疗师，她给出了一些上台前的建议：“做两次深度的腹式呼吸，扩胸，然后微笑，注意不是那种仿佛央求对方不要杀你的微笑，而是友好的微笑。从观众中选出三名比较友善的人，这些是你愿意与之交流并为之演奏的人，并与他们做眼神接触。” 她不想让演奏者将观众当成是法官。多萝西德雷是一名著名小提琴教师，她认为来自导师和父母的苛刻要求常常是怯
12、场的根源。她告诉其他教师，对学生的要求要以学生本身所能达到的水平为基础。林哈雷尔20岁的时候成为克利夫兰管弦乐队的首席大提琴手，但是他怯场非常严重。他说：“有时候我非常紧张，我甚至能肯定，观众一定能看到我的胸口随着心跳而搏动，简直变成了慌乱。”后来我竟然到了这个地步，我想“如果演出要经历这种慌乱，我宁可另找一份工作。”他说要克服怯场要谦虚，要认识到，不论自己有多大的才能，都可能犯错误，一场音乐会即使有不完美的地方，也不是灾难。当然，并不只有年轻人才会怯场。具有传奇色彩的钢琴家弗拉基米尔霍洛维茨的敏感神经同样尽人皆知。另一个例子是著名男高音弗朗科科莱里，女高音蕾娜塔思科多这样形容他：“必须得有人
13、推着他才肯上台。”实际上，成名之后情况可能会变得更糟。“刚开始的时候，即使你怕得要死，也没有人知道你是谁，因为对你不抱有多大期望。”女高音琼安德森说道，“你不会有任何损失。但你成名以后，人们专程来看你的表演，那时他们一定是满怀期待而来，这样，你损失的东西就多了。”安德森还说：“直到唱完最后一个音符之前，我一直都会紧张。”Starting a New TraditionShantelle Davis is a nine-year-old girl in New York. On a cold night in December, her family is standing around the
14、 kitchen table while she lights a candle. The table is decorated with baskets of fruits and vegetables and ears of com for Shantelle and her two brothers.“This candle represents umoja, an African word that means being together,” Shantelle says. “Thats the most important thing for a family.”Tonight i
15、s the first night of Kwanzaa, and Shantelle is spending the holiday with her family. More than 5 million African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa every year from December 26 until January I. Its a time when they get together with their families to think about their history and their ancestors in Africa.K
16、wanzaa is very unusual because it was started by one man. In 1966, an American named Maulana Karenga wanted a holiday for African-Americans to honor their culture and traditions. So he used words and customs from Africa to create a new celebration. He took the name Kwanzaa from the words for “first
17、fruits” in Swahili, an African language. At first, a few American families had small celebrations at home. Now there are also Kwanzaa events in schools and public places，and Kwanzaa has spread to other countries like Canada and Jamaica.The main symbol of Kwanzaa is a candleholder with seven candles,
18、 one for each of the principles of Kwanzaa. Each night, a family member lights one of the candles and talks about the idea it represents：being together, being yourself, helping each other, sharing, having a goal，creating, and believing. The candles are red, black, and green, the colors of Kwanzaa. T
19、he parents also pour drinks to honor family members who have died. On the last night of Kwanzaa, there is a big dinner with African food, and children receive small presents.Today people can buy Kwanzaa greeting cards and special Kwanzaa clothes. Stores sell Kwanzaa candles and candleholders. Some p
20、eople dont believe that Kwanzaa is a real holiday，because its so new. But other people say that customs and celebrations are always changing and that Kwanzaa shows what is important in peoples lives.Shantelle Davis says she likes Kwanzaa because its fun. “But I also learn new things every year, she
21、says.译文：开始新的传统珊特尔?戴维斯是一位九岁的纽约小女孩。12月的一个寒夜，珊特尔?戴维斯的家人都围站在餐桌边看着她点亮一支蜡烛。水果蔬菜篮子和玉米穗装饰着这个餐桌，这些都是给珊特尔和她的两个兄弟的。“这支蜡烛代表umoja，在非洲这个词意味着在一起，”珊特尔说，“这是家庭中最重要的事。”今晚是宽扎节的第一个晚上，珊特尔正和她的家人待在一起。超过500万的非洲裔美国人每年从12月26日到1月1日庆祝宽扎节。这段时间里他们和家人聚在一起缅怀他们的历史和非洲的祖先。宽扎节非常独特，因为它是由一个人创立的。在1966年，一个名叫马拉那?卡林加的美国人想要为非洲裔美国人创立一个节日来向他们的文
22、化和传统致敬。因此他利用非洲的语言和习俗来创造一个新的传统。他将节日命名为宽扎节，这个词来源于非洲语言斯瓦西里语；在斯瓦西里语中，宽扎节的意思是“最初的果实。” 一开始，只有少数一些美国家庭在家进行小规模庆祝。现如今学校和公共场所也有宽扎节的庆祝活动。并且宽扎节巳经流传到诸如加拿大、牙买加等其他国家。一个放着七支蜡烛的烛台是宽扎节的主要标志，每支蜡烛代表宽扎节一个信条。每天晚上都会由一个家庭成员点亮一支蜡烛，并谈论这支蜡烛所代表的信条：在一起，做自己，互帮互助，懂得分享，拥有目标，有创造性和有信仰。这些蜡烛有红的、黑的和绿的，这是宽扎节的颜色。父母们也为逝去的家庭成员斟上喝的以此来纪念他们。在
23、宽扎节的最后一夜会有一顿非洲风味的大餐，并且孩子们会收到小礼物。现如今人们能买到宽扎节的贺卡和特制的宽扎节的衣服。商店里销售宽扎节的蜡烛和烛台。由于宽扎节的历史并不久远，一些人认为它并不是一个真正的节日；但是也有人说习俗和庆祝仪式总在发生变化，宽扎节向我们展现了人们生活中重要的东西。珊特尔?戴维斯说她喜欢宽扎节，因为它很有趣。“但是每年我也会学到新的东西，”她谈道。A Dogs DilemmaFinding a babysitter while you go out to work is, for example, an inconvenience. For the African wild
24、dog, one of the continentss most endangered carnivores, its a matter of life and death. New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size, they are not enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protecting the young.The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past centur
25、y. Habitual loss, persecution and unexplained outbreaks of disease have all been blamed. Only 3,000 to 5,000 animals remain, and the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend continues.Other large carnivores such as the spotted hyena face similar pressures, yet are not declining.
26、 Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why. The dogs weakness lies in its social organization.Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups, only he dominant male and female bread. The remaining animals help raise the pups, cooperating to hunt prey and defend the kill from o
27、ther carnivores.Because pups cant keep up on a hunt, large packs leave an adult behind to protect them from predators, which include lions and hyenas. But leaving a babysitter also carries costs. A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill. There is also one less
28、 stomach in which to carry food back to the den, and one more mouth to feed when they get there.Courchamp investigated this awkward trade-off by modeling how the costs of a babysitter change with decreasing pack size. This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pup
29、s and still spare a babysitter. But with smaller packs, either the hunting or the babysitting suffers, or the animals have to compensate by increasing he number of hunting excursionswhich itself carries a cost to the pack.Field observations in Zimbabwe supported the model. Packs of five animals or f
30、ewer left pups unguarded more frequently than larger packs did. There was also evidence that when they did leave a babysitter, they were forced to hunt more often.A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle, says Courchamp, who is now at Paris-Sud University. “Poor re
31、production and low survival further reduces pack size, culminating in failure of the whole pack.” And deaths caused by human activity, says Courchamp, may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainable threshold. Mammal ecologist Chris Carbone at Londons Institute of Zoology agrees. Maintaini
32、ng the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species, he says.狗的两难境地例如，当你出去工作时找一个临时照顾孩子的保姆是很不方便的。而对于大陆上最有灭绝危险的食肉动物之非洲野狗来说，这是一件生死攸关的事情。新的研究显示，一旦一个动物群低于某种规模，就没有足够的动物既去捕猎又留在家里保护幼崽。在过去的一个世纪里，非洲野狗的数量急剧下降。原因是惯常的损失、残害和莫名其妙的疾 病的暴发。目前只剩下3千到5千只野狗，如果这个势头继续下去的话，在数十年里，这个物种 就会灭绝。其他“大型食肉动物，如带
33、斑点的鬣狗也面临着类似的压力，但数量并没有下降。现在，剑 桥大学的富兰克?顾尚已经发现了原因。狗的弱点在于它的社会组织。在一个包括多达20只大小狗的狗群中，只有占支配地位的母狗和公狗可以产仔。其他的狗帮 助抚养小狗，共同捕猎和防御其他食肉动物的捕杀。因为小狗在猎食时跟不上来，大的狗群会留下一只成年的狗来保护它们而不受包括狮子、鬣 狗在内的捕食动物的伤害。但是留下一只看护狗也是要付出代价的。一个较小的捕猎群体不太容 易捕捉大动物，也不太容易保卫猎获物。而且少了一个带食回窝的胃，回到窝还多了一张吃东西的嘴。顾尚通过模拟随着狗群的减小看护狗的代价的变化研究这种两难境地。研究显示，多于五只 成年狗的狗
34、群应该能够喂养所有的小狗，并仍然能留一只狗做看护狗。但是规模稍小的狗群中， 捕猎或看护小狗都会遭受损失，要么这些狗就得增加出猎的次数作为弥补这本身就需要狗群 付出代价。在津巴布韦进行的野外观察支持这一结论。包括五只或五只以下成年狗的狗群比规模大些的 狗群更经常地把小狗独自留下，而没有看护。还有证据表明，当它们留下一只看护狗时，它们不 得不更经常地捕猎。现在在巴黎大学的顾尚说，一个群体的规模降到警戒线以下时就会陷入恶性循环。“少量的 繁殖和低存活率进一步减小了狗群的规模，最终导致整个狗群的消亡。”顾尚说人类行为导致的 死亡可能是使狗群成员数量低于可维持的最低点的原因。伦敦动物学研究所的哺乳动物生
35、态学家 克里斯?卡波恩也同意这种说法。他说保持非洲野狗群的完整对保护该物种是重要的。Lower Body Fat Means Better PerformanceThese days，fashion models and pop stars are not the only people who have to watch their waistline. Football players who miss a few kicks and let their belly hanging out a little too much are likely to be attacked by rab
36、id fans or even the president of a country1.The latest football star to draw the attention of the fat police is Barcelonas Ronaldinho, 26. Last Friday，a Spanish sports daily published two photos of the Brazilian star without his shirt. One was taken in November 2003 ； the other was taken this month.
37、 In the most recent one, the stars waistline seems to have a little extra padding2.Another Spanish sports daily published similar before-and-after photos and argued that the star has “lost his explosiveness and velocity and is “worn out. The cause, according to the news paper, is his poor physical f
38、itness.However, the players coach, Frank Rijkaard, insists that hes satisfied with Ronaldinhos form and fitness. And after Barcelonas victory over Athletic Bibao on Sunday, Ronaldinho challenged photographers to take pictures of him when he took off his shirt.I dont have anything to hide, he said.Fe
39、llow Brazilian Ronaldo, 30, of Real Madrid，faced similar criticism before the 2006 World Cup. But the criticism didnt come from a bunch of sports reporters ： It came from the president of Brazil.“So, what is it?” Brazils President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva asked the national soccer teams coach in hi
40、s office last June, according to the Associated Press. Is he (Ronaldo) fat or not?He is very strong, president” ,Carlos Alberto Parreira reportedly said at the time. He is not that boy anymore. His body type has changed. ”The game of footfall demands that players put as much emphasis on fitness as t
41、hey can do on dribbling，passing or shooting.During a proper training regimen, football players normally follow a load -fatigue -recovery pattern3. They push their body toward a higher mark of fitness and experience a slight and brief drop in performance. Then they begin the recovery process, which w
42、ill ideally carry their performance to an even higher plane.However, sometimes non-physical factors can influence a players poor fitness. In Ronaldinho，s case, for instance, people often unnamed have blamed everything from the pressure of contract negotiations to personal problems and too many adver
43、tising commitments.低脂肪意味着更好的表现现在，不只是时装模特儿和唱流行歌曲的歌星需要注意他们的腰围了。足球运动员没有踢中 几个球或是他们的肚子耷拉得稍多了些，都会受到疯狂的球迷甚至是国家总统的谴责。 今年26岁的巴塞罗那的罗纳尔迪尼奥是最近被“脂肪警察”盯上的足球明星。 一家西班牙体育日报于上周五刊登了两张这位巴西足球明星没有穿衬衫的照片。一张摄于 2003年11月，另一张摄于本月，在最近的一张照片里，这个球星的腰上似乎多了一小块赘肉。另一家西班牙体育日报也出版了类似的前后对比照片，并认为这位明星已经“失去了爆发力 和速度”，并且“已经颓废”。据报纸报道，其原因来自于明星的
44、亚健康况。然而，运动员的教练Frank Rijkaard坚持认为他对罗纳尔迪尼奧的外形和健康状况很满意。当 周日在巴塞罗那战胜了 Athletic Bibao后，罗纳尔迪尼奧脱下了衬衫挑战摄影师为他拍照。 “我没有什么隐藏的。”他说。来自于皇家马德里队的巴西同伴，30岁的罗纳尔多在2006年世界杯之前也遭遇了类似的批 评。但不是来自于一群体育记者，而是巴西总统。据联合报社报道，去年6月，巴西总统路易斯伊纳西奥卢拉达席瓦尔在办公室质问国 家足球队教练“这是怎么回事?” “他是不是胖了？”“他很强壮，总统先生”，卡洛斯?阿尔伯托?佩雷拉当时这样说道，“他已经不再是个孩子 了，他的体型发生了变化”。
45、足球比赛要求运动员们注重自身健康，就像比赛中的运球、带球和射门一样重要。 在正式的常规训练期伺，足球运动员在一般情况下需要按照大运动量一疲劳一恢复这一方式 训练。他们让身体发挥到最佳状态，在比赛中极少失误。之后他们的身体就会进入恢复过程，从 而使其表现达到更加理想的高度。然而，有时非身体因素会影响运动员的健康。例如在罗纳尔迪尼奧的例子中，不知名的人们 对所有的事情加以指责，从合同协议的压力，到个人问题和太多的广告应酬。Is There a Way to Keep the Britains Economy Growing（概括大意）In todays knowledge economy, nat
46、ions survive on the things they do best. Japanese design electronics while Germens export engineering techniques. The French serve the best food and Americans make computers.Britain specializes in the gift of talking. The nation doesnt manufacture much of anything. But it has lawyers, stylists and b
47、usiness consultants who earn their living from talk, talk and more talk. The World Foundation think tank1 says the UKs four iconic jobs today are not scientists, engineers, teachers and nurses. Instead, theyre hairdressers, celebrities, management consultants and managers. But can all this talking k
48、eep the British economy going? The British government thinks it can.Although the countrys trade deficit was more than 60 billion in 2006, UKs largest in the postwar period, officials say the country has nothing to worry about. In fact, Britain does have a world-class pharmaceutical industry, and it still makes a small sum from selling arms abroad. It also trades services accountancy, insurance, banking and advertising. The government believes Britain is on the cutting edge2 of the knowledge ec