《【优质文档】高考英语短文改错解题指导.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《【优质文档】高考英语短文改错解题指导.pdf（12页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、读书破万卷下笔如有神 高考英语短文改错解题指导 以往，短文改错题是高考英语全国试卷和绝大多数单独命题省市试卷的基本题型。由于其综合了 对于高中生英语语法、阅读和写作能力的综合考察，所以一直以来都是学生们颇感棘手的难题。我们认为， 经过合理的指导和科学的训练，学生们完全可以熟悉其核心的命题思路和解题技巧，从而取得理想的成绩。 一、高考英语改错题的命题特点分析 短文改错题共计10 小题，每小题1.5 分，满分 15 分。高考的改错题以完整篇章的方式出现，所以需 要学生首先建立整体把握和连贯思索的审题模式，切忌单独处理每一行的习惯性思维错误。从上个世纪九 十年代开始出现以来，高考短文改错题的考察方式
2、基本已经稳定下来，其设疑方式不外乎：无错（1 处）、 多词或少词（ 3 到 4 处）以及错词（ 5-6 处）。而且，没有单词拼写、标点符号或词序错误，只涉及语法、 习惯表达和语义逻辑层面。 二、高考英语改错题的解题指导原则 短文改错没有任何技巧，只能老老实实的走下去 针对其命题特点，我们提出如下两条核心的总体原则： （一）通读全文 其重要性毋须重申。通过阅读全文，迅速对以下几个问题做出判断： 1、文章的主体时态。任何体裁和题材的文章都是发生在一个宏观的时态背景之下的，通过浏览全 文，圈定其主体时态到底是现在时、过去时还是将来时。然后在进一步解题的过程中，凡是和该主体时态 发生冲突的局部时态，都
3、有可能存在问题，需要引起警惕。 2、文章的叙事逻辑。在篇章改错的语境中，个别单句在语法上可能是完全正确的，但它的逻辑却 和全文的整体逻辑出现重大分歧。比方说，一篇议论文，整体上对某个话题是持肯定态度，但其中的个别 单句却背道而驰地表示了否定，那么该单句就有可能是因为多词或少词错误而导致了这种逻辑冲突。 3、文章的叙事角度。是作者对自我事件的描述，还是对一般话题的阐述？这直接关系到改错题中 经常出现的代词指代问题。 （二）以句为改错单位 尽管篇章改错是每行设置为一个小题，但每一个完整的英文句子往往横跨2-3 行，而出题人往往会抓 住学生紧盯单行的毛病，而故意设置跨行错误或考察句首句尾与上下文的衔
4、接。 三、高考英语改错题的常见错误类型 根据对近十年全部高考改错题的统计分析，我们认为，短文改错题所涉及到的高频考点，恰好也是中 学生在写作中经常出现的错误。我们希望考生能够参考我们所总结的常见错误类型，在练习改错题的时候 学会对应和归纳，这样才能够提高对错误的嗅觉力和敏感度。这些错误类型主要为： 1、动词的时态和语态 读书破万卷下笔如有神 2、句子结构和句子完整性 3、名词单复数及主谓一致问题 4、上下文语意和指代 5、介词 6、固定（习惯）用法 7、词性 8、冠词 9、连词和从句引导词 10、动词不定式 四、实例分析 接下来，我们以考题为例，分析短文改错题的具体解题流程。 1）There
5、are advantage for students to work while 2）studying at school. One of them was that 3）they can earn money. For the most part, 4）students working to earn money for their own 5）use. Earning their own money allow them 6）to spend on anything as if they please. 7）They would have to ask their parents for
6、8）money or for permission to do things by 9）the money. Some students may also to save 10）up for our college or future use. 通过阅读全文，我们发现： 1、这是一篇议论文，探讨学生是否应该打工。主体时态是现在时。第2）小题的局部时态和主体 时态发生冲突，而且经过进一步判断，属于时态错误。 2、文章的第一句是这篇议论文的论点，它明确了全文的立足点：打工有好处。因此，第7）小题 虽然没有任何语法错误，但其逻辑和全文的整体逻辑恰好背道而驰。 读书破万卷下笔如有神 3、文章是作者站在
7、第三方对一个一般现象进行的评论，主体叙事角度与“我”、“我们”无关。 第 10）小题的代词“our ”有错误嫌疑。 第 1）小题， There are advantage for students to work while中，系动词are 和主语 advantage 的单复数一致性出现了问题，但此时还不能贸然判断究竟是哪一个出现了问题。通过阅读下文，我们得出 至少有两个层面的“好处”，因此把advantage 改为 advantages ； 第 2）小题， studying at school. One of them was that中，我们已经解释过了，时态错误，应将 was 改为 is
8、 ； 第 3）小题， they can earn money. For the most part,中，没有错误，for the most part为习惯 表达，表示“最主要的原因是”，且语法无误； 第 4）students working to earn money for their own中， working 是非谓语形式，导致该句没有 谓语，是一个典型的不完整句，因此要将working 改为 work，还原其谓语功能。 第 5）小题， use. Earning their own money allow them中，主语为动名词形式的earning ，与谓语 allow的一致性出现问题
9、，应改为allows ； 第 6）小题， to spend on anything as if they please.中，从句引导词错误，导致含义混乱，应将 as if改为 as； 第 7）小题， They would have to ask their parents for中，如上文中的解释，改为should not； 第 8）小题， money or for permission to do things by中，介词使用有误，这主要还是一个语法 问题。将by 改为 with ； 第 9）小题， the money. Some students may also to save中，情态
10、动词和不定时的语法问题，应 该将 to 去掉； 第 10）小题， up for our college or future use.中，我们解释过了，这里的代词our 与全文的叙 述角度发生冲突。经判断，将其改为their。 大致上，短文改错涵盖面较广，本文只是总结了数年考试题型做了归纳，总之这类题十分注意细节。 令：本文是其他一线教师力作，拿来即用。 2009 高考英语短文改错专题技巧点拨及强化训练 短文改错旨在测试考生发现、判断和纠正错误的能力。它要求考生具有词法、句法和在语篇中综合运 用英语的能力，因此考点综合性强，覆盖面广，错项设置类型多，是历年高考英语中的难题。为了提高做 短文改错题
11、的能力，除了要加强基础知识的积累、提高语篇的整体理解能力之外，还应该对其错项设置的 基本情况有所了解，以便做到目标明确，有的放矢， 从而提高解题的正确率。本文拟从语法和逻辑的角度， 用口诀的形式，向同学们介绍高考英语短文改错中最常见的几类错误。 短文改错口诀： 动词形，名词数，注意是形还是副；非谓动词细辨别， 读书破万卷下笔如有神 习惯用法要记住； 句子成分多分析， 逻辑错误须关注。 读书破万卷下笔如有神 一动词形 主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致的错误。例如： My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our
12、school football team. is Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. are 上述两例分别属于时态错误和主、谓不一致错误。找出此类错误的关键是树立牢固的 时态概念，注意短文内容发生或存在的时间，保持时间概念的一致性。 二名词数 指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复数写成单数。例如： so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. subjects 三区分形和副 及区分形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。 这也是高考短文改错的常考点。例如： I m sure
13、 we ll have a wonderfully time together. wonderful Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family. Unfortunately 需要注意的是，形容词多用来做定、表、补语等，而副词只能在句子中作状语，修饰 动词、 形容词、副词或整个句子。第一例中的wonderful作定语修饰time ，第二句的 Unfortunately作状语修饰整个句子。 四非为动词细辨别 这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有分词和动名词类错误，也包括不定式类错误。 例如： in my spare time, but n
14、ow I am interesting in football. interested Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also playing My parents love me and will do all they can make sure to 上述二、三例分别是动名词作主语，和不定式作目的状语。一般的，现在分词有主动 态和进行时的含义，而过去分词具有被动态和完成时的含义，不定式有将来时态的含义。 五习惯用法要记住 主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点，其错误表现形式主要 有
15、三种： 多词、少词和搭配错误。 例如： It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and of We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ourselves. of 六句子成分多分析 不同的句子成分要用不同的词类；不同的语景要选择不同的词语。这些都有待我们对 句子结构和句子成分作细致的分析，才能找出用词不当的错误。例如： They eager to know everything about China and were I live in Beij
16、ing, where is the capital of China. which 第一例漏掉了谓语动词were，这是受寒于习惯的影响而导致的错误；第二例则是词类 与它在句子中的成分不相符，where 是副词，不能作主语。 七逻辑错误须关注 与句子的上、下文不一致，甚至相矛盾，属于逻辑性错误。如称谓上的张冠李戴，人 名、地名、时间、方位等方面的错误，常是这类错误的考查对象。例如： The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. their 读书破万卷下笔如有神 First, let me tell you something more abou
17、t myself. 去掉 more no way of setting the matter except by selling the set.Now someone at home reads instead. everyone 上述第一例中的主语是Smiths （史密斯夫妇俩），因此后面的his 不合逻辑。第二例 中的 more 在这儿表“再”的意思，才开始告诉别人，怎么能说“再告诉你一些事”？第三例讲 的是为了解决看电视时的争端，“我们”把电视机卖了；晚上没电视看了，所以与从前一 样，大家又都读书了，所以该用everyone 。 除了上述错误类型外，常考的错误形式还有：连词but, a
18、nd, or 和 so 的用法错误（可 以归类为逻辑错误），以及冠词的用法错误等。例如： She was smiling but nodding at me. and It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. or We may be one family and live under a same roof. the 下面是全国高考试题中的短文改错题。这道题较全面地反映了本文的口诀。现在请你试着 做一做，然后参阅题后的答案与简析。 Last week my parents and I took a two-day
19、 trip to Emei Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows, its famous 76. _ Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77. _ Was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 78. _ the mountain, the three of them were very excited. As we 79. _ climbed the mountain, we ed monkeys, visi
20、ting temples 80. _ and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 81._ since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82. _ Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83. _ of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84. _ good. I was so tire
21、d that I fell asleep at the moment my 85. _ head touched the pillow. 答案与简析： 76. famous前加上a。 （名词数）。 77. 正确 78. we前面加when，引导一个时间 状语从句。 （句子成分多分析） 79. them us （逻辑错误须关注） 80. visiting visited （非谓动词细辨别） 81. picturepictures（名词数） 82. passespassed（动词形） 83. 去掉 down（习惯用法要记住） 84. andbut （but, and, or 和 so） 85. 去
22、掉 at （句 子成分多分析 / 习惯用法要记住）。 下面再次让我们熟悉一下短文改错的设错规律：错误类型包括缺词、多词和错词。其中1 行正确， 9 行需要改正。 正确1 1 1 1 多一词2 1 2 1 缺一词2 2 1 1 错一词5 6 6 7 难度系数0.44 0.42 0.47 0.46 读书破万卷下笔如有神 短文改错常见错误类型 1. 谓语动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点常见动词错误类型有 一般现在时与一般过去时错用； and 前后动词时态不一致; 主谓不一致 ; 缺少动词 , 特别是 be 动词 ; 第三人称单数形式错用; 主动语态和被动语态错用。 1） They did not w
23、ant me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my studies.（did 改为 do 错误类型属于） 2） As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. (visiting 改为 visited错误类型属于) 3 ） There will an important game next month.(will后加 be 错误类型属于) 4 ）One evening she told me t
24、hat something happened when her parents was out.( 主谓不一致 ) 2. 名词的常见错误 单复数名词错用；注意区分名词是可数还是不可数；或根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词 的单复数来判断。 I ll get good marks in all my subject.（subject 改为 subjects ） Their word were a great encouragement to me.（word 改为 words） Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well.（ knowledg
25、es改 为 knowledge ） 3. 连词错误 连词包括关系代词、副词，并列连词and/ or/but等 （一般考查从句关系 who/ whom/whose/what/which/how/why/when/where/if/whether ） I have a good friend whos name is Liu Mei. ( 错用了 who的所有格形式改为whose) I teach them, play with them, but watch them growing up. ( 此处应该是并列的关系而非转折，but 改为 and) Clever as she is, but s
26、he works very hard. When I was a child, rain was a mystery. In one class, I learned it rained. 4. 冠词错误 误用 a 和 an（根据单词的因素来判定）；误用 a 和 the （固定搭配，各自单独使用的地 方） 多余的冠词或则少冠词。 We may be one family and live under a same roof. (a 改为 the the same 是 固定搭配 ) As everyone knows, its famous mountain with all kinds of
27、pants. （mountain 是可数名词需用冠词，所以加 a ） My teacher advised me to keep my dairy. I hope you have pleasant journey. 5. 形容词和副词错误 读书破万卷下笔如有神 1) 系动词后用形容词 （ be/am/is/are/was/were/become/go/感官性动词 smell /feel） 2) 词性的误用形容词修饰名词修饰实义动词，形容词和副词，过去分词用副词 I m sure well have a wonderfully time together. （time 是名词所以要用形容词wo
28、nderful修饰） My pronunciation was terribly. 6. 代词错误 1）代词的主格和宾格（I / me; He/him; She/ her; We/ us ;They/ them ） 2）反身代词（myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves） 3）代词的单数和复数 4）多余的代词和少代词 Soon I began to enjoy talking to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple English. (express
29、 oneself, me 改为 myself ) One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. (加 it) If any one of us had any difficulty in our life and study, the other would help him out. What s more , you have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him. 7. 非谓语动词的常见错误 1）不定式，动名词作主语，宾语。 2）and 连接的不
30、定式或动名词前后一致（尤其距离较远时）， 3）介词后用动名词ving 形式作宾语。 4）某些动词后要求接动名词或不定式。 Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was. (enjoy 后需接动 名词 talk-talking) But his parents think go to college is more important than playing sports.(作 主语改为 going ) Children may not develop the habit of read and the ability to en
31、joy themselves. I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees. 8. 介词错误 1）词组中的介词误用，2）介词意思理解偏差，3）介词的多用或少用 There are too many people among my family. （among 改为 in in my family 为固定搭配） I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment
32、 my head touched the pillow. （去掉 at ） 短文改错解题思路和检查原则 1）句中各部分的结构是否完整，特别是每个句子要有动词； 2）谓语动词的时态、语态； 读书破万卷下笔如有神 3）非谓语动词的用法； 4）名词的单、复数，格的使用是否正确； 5）定冠词和不定冠词是否正确； 6）代词的格和性的使用是否有误； 7）定语从句中关系代词、副词是否准确无误； 8）并列句中的并列连词、主从复合句中的从属连词用的是否得当。 短文改错解题四原则 1）改动以最少为原则 2 ）虚词以添加或删除为原则 3 ）实词以改变词形为原则 4）以保持句子原意为原则 短文改错解题步骤 1）通读全
33、文，掌握大意 2 ）整句分析，逐行推敲3）反复通读，复查验证 解题注意要点和能力培养 核对错项时， 若的确有一时难以改出的地方。可以参考所改动项是否基本符合“1126” 等题型比例。正确1 个，多一词1 个，缺词2 个，错词6 个。 核对改正的语法项目是否有重复。因为短文改错往往覆盖面广，一般不会出现重复 考查某个语法点的现象。原文中每行改动只能改一词，答案也只能是一词。 核对答题符号是否规范，位置是否准确，看看有无遗漏符号，忽略字母大写和拼写 等问题 如有两行都难以找到错误时，与其乱改一行，不如都打“”以确保一行正确。 从作文入手，提高自身语言运用素质 合作学习，帮批帮改，提高识错、纠错能力
34、 精炼短文改错，抓好写、比、改三步 例题分析 Tom and Dick are next door neighbor who work 1._ in the same office so they walked together to and from 2._ office. Some day as they were walking home together it 3._ sudden started to rain. Tom quickly opened his umbrella 4._ and said, “My wife surely has foresight (预见 ) . Sh
35、e said 5._ on this morning it would rain and told me to carry my 6._ umbrella with me.“ Dick smiled and walked to him, said, 7._ “My wife has even great foresight. She told me not to 8._ carry an umbrella and as she knew you would certainly 9._ have with you.“ 10._ 1.首先通读全文，掌握大意此文讲述的是邻居Tom 和 Dick 的故
36、事。 2.整句分析，逐行推敲 第二遍阅读后容易改出的题有 1.2.4.6.10 然后先看前6 项 第 3 项 翻译整句为：有一天当他们一起走路回家时天突然开始下雨 了。 Some day 不能表示有一天，属于固定搭配中修饰词有误。 读书破万卷下笔如有神 第 5 项，由于对foresight的意思和用法不清楚，不能轻易改动。暂放一边。 现在看 710 项。第 7 项 翻译意思：Dick 笑了笑并且走向他（ Tom ） ，说到，翻 译后很容易可以看出said前有一个逗号，and 连接的动词只有smiled 和 walked 。 说明此处有错。 第 8 题，又出现了foresight。现在来比较第5
37、 项和第 8 项的两个句子。 1） My wife surely has foresight ( 预见 ) 我的妻子肯定地作出了预见（Tom s wife ） 2） My wife has even great foresight。我的妻子作出了更大的预见 (Dicks wife) 比较两句后可以判断这里的foresight不是一个动词而是一个不可数名词。可以判定 great有错。并可以反推第5 项应该没有错误。(Dick 的妻子说的话明显有比较的含义 并且这样才能突出文章的幽默感) 第 9 项理清句子结构后，可以看出有一词是多余的。 总结错误考查点有 1. 名词单复数2. 时态 3. 固定搭
38、配 4 。词性 5. 多余的介词和连接词 6. 非谓语 7. 形容词 的比较级 8. 少了代词。 题型比例 1 个正确，缺词1 个，多词2 个，错词6 个 ( 一) Most families in China hoped their single children will 76_ have a happy future, so they are very strict in their children. 77_ So do teachers in schools! Many children are given so much 78_ homework that they have ha
39、rdly any spare time have sports. 79_ The children are forbidden to do anything but to study. No 80_ wonder so many children are tired of lessons. Some even 81_ attack or kill his parents and teachers! I believe many people 82_ already read this kind of news in newspapers or magazines. 83_ Shouldnt w
40、e draw lesson from the accidents? Now our 84_ government is making out a plan to solve the education problems. 85_ （二） Nowadays, almost every family has TV set, and almost 76_ everyone likes watching TV. TV has become part of our lives. 77_ TV has many advantages, for example, it informs us the 78_
41、latest news which is happening in the world; it can open our 79_ eyes, enlarge our knowledge and also help us to see more 80_ about the world But, it also has some disadvantages. People 81_ waste too much time in watching TV and his normal life 82_ and work are affected To the children who they spen
42、d too 83_ much time in watching TV, it can do harmful to their sight 84_ and healthy. So we should control the time of watching TV. 85_ （三） A few months after returning the US from Germany, I took 76._ part in a college course in French. Since I have learned 77._ to say German well in Germany, I tho
43、ught it might be 78._ 读书破万卷下笔如有神 interested to begin studying another language. At the 79._ first class, the teacher asked us to do a pronunciation 80._ exercise in it he would say a word or two in French, and 81._ each student would do their best to copy. When he got to 82._ me, he kept having me t
44、o say more words, and I 83._ finally asked him why. “I find it great fun,“ she explained 84._ it. “In 25 years of teaching at school, its the first time 85._ Ive heard an American speak French with a German accent.“ （四） The Huaihe River has been serious polluted. Day and night 76._ millions of tons
45、of waste water is being poured down to it from 77._ hundreds of factories. The waste water is harmful. At present 78._ there is no fish in it. The river water cannot be drunk. People in 79._ either bank have to dig wells to take drinking water. The Huaihe 80._ River is such dirty and poisonous that
46、people dont dare swim 81._ in it. Something must be done to stopping the pollution. The 82._ government and the people near the river must try to clear water 83._ as soon as possible. Now special attention has paid to the 84._ pollution by the government and more scientists. The pollution 85._ will
47、be prevented in the near future. （五） Dear Abby, How are you? Today Ive got a wonderful news to tell you. 76._ I have offered a scholarship at a university in Australia for my 77._ further education. One hundred and twenty students took exam 78._ for it, but only a few was chosen and I was one of them. However, 79._ my parents are not happy about it. They are strong against me 80._ going there. They