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1、1(2017 全国卷， 63)They are required_ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 答案： to process require sb./sth. to do sth. “ 需要某人 /某物做某 事”。 2(2017 全国卷， 68)Even worse, the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food is full of fat and salt;
2、by _ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. 答案： eating介词 by 后需用名词或动名词作宾语。 3(2017 全国卷， 65)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants_ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 答案： to provewant to do sth.“想要做某事 ”，动词 want 后常 用不定
3、式作宾语。 4. (2017天津高考，14， 改编)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _ (allow) more patients to be treated. 答案： allowing医院新购医疗设备与更多的病人能够得到治疗 之间是因果关系，故用现在分词作结果状语。 5(2017 北京高考， 32，改编)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time _ (spend) with his students. 答案：spentspend和 time
4、之间是逻辑上的动宾关系， 故用过去 分词短语作后置定语。 6(2017 北京高考， 27，改编)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _ (save) their valuable time. 答案： to save由句意可知需用动词不定式作目的状语。 7(2017 江苏高考， 21，改编 )Many Chinese brands, _ (develop)their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from th
5、e modern market. 答案：having developed句子的主语 brands与 develop 之间存在 逻辑上的主谓关系， 再根据时间状语 over centuries可知，需用现在分 词的完成式作状语。 8 (2016 全国卷，62， 改编)It was a great honour _ (invite) backstage at the not- for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. 答案： to be invitedIts a great honour to do sth.
6、 “很荣幸地去做 某事”，根据句意可知应用动词不定式的被动式。 9(2017 全国卷，短文改错)When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the vegetables! _ 答案： pick 前加 toinvite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人做某事 ”，动 词不定式作宾语补足语。 10 (2016 全国卷，短文改错 )I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. _ 答案： wearwearing介词后的动词应用动名词形式。 一、动词不定式的用法
7、 1作主语 动词不定式作主语时， 句子的谓语动词常用单数， 其位置有以下 两种： (1)把不定式置于句首 To make up for lost time is not possible. (2)用 it 作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下 列句式中 Itis名词 to do It is an offence to drop litter in the street. It takes sb. some timeto do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容词 for/of sb.to do，常用表示客观情况的形
8、容 词，如 difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等。 It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says. It seems/appears 形容词 to do，常用 careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy,
9、nice, right, silly, stupid, wise 等表示赞扬或批 评的词。 It seemed impossible to save money. 2作宾语 (1)常跟不定式作宾语的动词 afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, condescend, consent, decide, demand, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, neglect, offer, plan, p
10、repare, pretend, proceed, promise, prove, refuse, resolve, seem, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, want, wish The driver failed to see the other car in time. (2)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it 代替不定 式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动词it补语 to do 句 式。 We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign langu
11、age well. 3作补语 (1)动词宾语不定式 常见动词： advise, allow, believe, cause, challenge, compel, declare, encourage, forbid, force,find, hire, induce, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, select, send, suppose, tell, train, urge 等。 Father will not allow us to play in the street. (2)
12、不带 to 的不定式作补语 五看：see/watch/notice/observe/look at 三使役：have/make/let 两听：hear/listen to 一感：feel I often see him go to school on foot. He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语，要 带“to ”) 4作表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象 的一般行为。 My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
13、What I hate most is being laughed at. 5作状语 (1)目的状语 (only) to,in order to,so as to,so/such . as to . ( 如此以便 ) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. I come here only to say goodbye to you. (2)作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 He searched the room only to find nothing. (3)表原因 Im glad to see you. 6作定语 (1)不定式
14、在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。 Do you have anything to be taken to your sister? My wish to visit France has come true at last. (2)不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： 表示将来的动作； 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词； 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系， 同时与句中其他词之间又有逻辑 上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态；如只有动宾关 系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态； 不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句。 7疑问词不定式 疑问词 who,
15、what, which, when, where, whether, how 后可接不定 式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。 (1)When to leave for London has not been decided yet. ( 主语) (2)Mr Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. ( 宾语) (3)I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. ( 直接宾语 ) (4)The question was where to get the medicine need
16、ed. (表语) 经常用于这种结构的动词有：decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell 等。 Please explain to me where to begin and how to do it. 二、现在分词的用法 1作状语 现在分词表示时间、条件、原因、让步关系时，常位于句首，且 用逗号隔开，可以转换成相应的状语从句；现在分词作结果、方式、 伴随状语时多位于句子后面，可用逗号隔开，也可以不用。 (1)Walkin
17、g in the street (When I was walking in the street), I met an old friend of mine. (时间) (2)Working hard (If you work hard), you will surely succeed. (条件) (3)Not knowing her address (As I dont know her address), I cant write to her. (原因) (4)Having failed (Although he had failed) many times, he didnt lo
18、se heart. (让步) (5)Please answer the question using another way (by using another way). (方式) (6)A terrible hurricane struck the area, making thousands of people homeless. ( 结果) (7) They were walking in the woods, singing happily. (伴随) 2作定语 现在分词单独作定语放在被修饰的名词前，现在分词短语放在被 修饰的名词后， 相当于一个定语从句。 被修饰的名词与现在分词之间
19、 是主谓关系。 The flying kites are high in the sky. There were some children swimming in the river. 3作宾语补足语 现在分词常用在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, listen to, look at 等和使役动词 have, get, let等以及 keep, find, leave等 的宾语后面作宾语补足语， 宾语与现在分词之间是主谓关系，也就是 说宾语实际上是现在分词动作的发出者。 My breathing quickened, and I fe
20、lt my heart beating faster. I would have him waiting for me at the gate of the park. 4作表语 现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征。 The teachers words were greatly inspiring whenever I met with difficulties. 三、动名词的用法 1动名词作主语 Seeing is believing. It is no use sending him over. Its too late. (第一个 it 在此处是形式 主语，真正的主语是sendin
21、g him over) 注意： It is no use/good doing sth. 可被视为固定结构。 2动名词作宾语 常跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practice, suggest, keep (on), feel like, devote oneself to, give up, get/be used to, be worth, cant help, insist
22、 on, look forward to 等。 You can easily fake up an excuse to avoid going out with him. 注意：当主语为物时， need, want, require跟动名词形式作宾语时 表示被动意义，当主语为人时，跟动词不定式作宾语时表示主动意义。 You need to touch up the poem. The computer needs repairing. 3动名词作表语 My hobby is collecting stamps. 注意： 动名词作表语时常表示主语的内容。 4动名词作定语 He is in the
23、 reading room. 注意： 动名词作定语时常表示被修饰名词的功能和用途。 5动名词和不定式的区别 (1)在动词 attempt, begin, start, intend 等后面，可以用doing 作宾 语，也可以用 to do 作宾语，含义区分不大。但如果后面接know, understand等表示“心理活动”的动词时，则常用to do。 正：I begin to understand the truth. 误：I begin understanding the truth. (2)在动词 love, like, hate, prefer等后面，用 doing 时，表“习惯 性的”
24、“一般性的”动作；用to do 时，多表示“一次性的”“具体 性的”动作。 I hate getting up early. I hate to say so ，but I really cant go. (3)在动词 remember, forget, regret等后面，用 doing 时，往往表示 过去的动作；用不定式时，常表示将来的动作或过去未做的动作。 Remember to see him. I remember seeing him once in Beijing. (4)在动词 stop, try, want, mean, need 等后面， 用 doing 还是用 to do
25、， 意义上有明显的区别。 She stopped to talk with him.(她停下来和他谈论。 ) She stopped talking.( 她停止谈论。 ) (5)动词 permit, allow, advise 等词可以有 v.ones doing 和 v. sb. to do两种搭配，意思完全一样。 We advise you to go to college. We advise your going to college. 6动名词的复合结构 动名词的所有格，即ones doing结构的用法。 Marys going there wont be of any help.
26、( 作主语 ) Her refusing to accept the invitation upset me. ( 作主语) Do you mind his/him smoking here? (作动词宾语 ) We insist on Marys staying longer. ( 作介词宾语 ) 注意：在非正式语体中， 我们常用人称代词宾格 (如 me, him, you, us, them等)或名词的普通格 (即名词本身，如 Mary, Tom, my father等) 和 doing 一起用作宾语。 四、过去分词的用法 1过去分词作定语 (1)过去分词用作定语，总的来说，充当前置修饰语
27、的过去分词 通常来自及物动词，带有被动、完成意义。 a broken cup 一只打破的杯子 (被动) the risen sun 已升起的太阳 (完成) (2)有些过去分词不能单独作前置修饰语，但可以借助某些前缀 或副词来作前置定语。 uninvited guests 没有被邀请的客人 unheard-of stories 闻所未闻的故事 highly-developed industry 高度发达的工业 (3)过去分词作后置定语时，相当于一个定语从句。 The bridge, built in 1950, collapsed yesterday. (built in 1950 相当于一个定
28、语从句， which was built in 1950) 2过去分词作主语补足语或宾语补足语 用作主语补足语或宾语补足语的过去分词大都来自及物动词。凡 是已经形容词化了的 -ed 分词，大都可以既作名词修饰语即定语，也 可作主语补足语或宾语补足语。 The door was found locked. ( 主补) I found the door locked. (宾补) I found a locked door. (定语) 常可加复合宾语的动词有： find/get/have/want/leave/make/see/hear/notice/watch/observe/feel/keep/
29、o rder/wish 等。这些词后面的宾语如果与后面的宾语补足语是被动关系， 即用过去分词。 I found my house broken into after I returned. I want to have my hair cut. You should make yourself heard when speaking. Please keep us informed of the latest development. 注意： “have 宾语过去分词 ”这一结构有三种不同意义。 We had the problem solved. ( “致使”，一种有意的行为 ) She h
30、ad her leg broken in an accident. ( 表示“遭受”，一种无意的 行为) I have not any money left. (“有”) 3过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语，在意义上相当于一个状语从句。 United, we stand; divided, we fall. (相当于 If/When we are united, we stand; if/when we are divided, we fall.) Moved by the story, he decided to study harder. (相当于 Because he was moved
31、.) Having been shown around the library, we came to the classroom building. (相当于 After we were shown around .) 4with 引导的复合宾语中的过去分词 with 可以引导复合宾语， 如果宾语与后面作宾语补足语的动词构 成被动关系，则使用过去分词，即“with宾语过去分词”结构。 The thief sat there with his hand tied back. They lay on the floor with the window closed. .单句语法填空 1Pahls
32、son had removed the diamond ring _ (cook) a meal. 答案： to cook由语境可知需用不定式作目的状语。 2I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train _ (catch) 答案： to catchhave sth. to do “有某事要做 ”，不定式作后置 定语。 3The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _ (range) from butterflies to elephants.
33、答案： rangingwildlife 和 range from . to 构成逻辑上的主谓关 系，应用现在分词短语作定语，其作用接近于一个定语从句。 4The park was full of people, _ (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine. 答案：enjoyingpeople和 enjoy 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系， 故用 现在分词作定语。 5I was the first Western TV reporter _ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from star
34、vation in the wild. 答案： permittedreporter 与 permit 之间是被动关系，所以用过 去分词作后置定语。 6Though_ (disappoint) to know he wouldnt get the job after the interview, Frank thanked us politely. 答案：disappointed句意：尽管弗兰克在面试后很失望地得知他 不会得到这份工作，但他还是很礼貌地谢了我们。从句是个省略句， 补全应是 Though he was disappointed to know he wouldnt get the
35、job after the interview. 7When Mom came in, he just pretended _ (sleep) 答案： to be sleeping 句意： 当妈妈进来时，他假装在睡觉。pretend 后跟不定式的进行时，表示假装正在做某事。 8Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier_ (break) into small pieces. 答案： to break句意：汤姆问糖果生产者，他们是否能使巧克 力更容易变成小块。 “make宾语宾补 to do”结构中，不定式
36、 用主动形式表被动意义。 9_ (finish) the painting intended to be a gift for her girlfriend, he had a deep sigh of relief. 答案： Having finished句意：完成了作为女友礼物的画作，他 长舒了一口气。本句中， he和 finish 为主动关系，且 finish 所表示的 动作在句子谓语 had所表示的动作之前发生， 故应用现在分词的完成 式。 10 _ (expose) to as much English as possible is a good way to learn Engli
37、sh well. 答案：Being exposed 句意：尽可能多地置于英语环境中是学好 英语的一个良策。 be exposed to “暴露于 中”， 由句子结构可知， 本句中应用动名词短语作主语。 .单句改错 1To make it easier to get in touch with us, youd better to keep this card at hand. _ 答案： 去掉 better后的 to句意： 为了更容易地和我们取得联系， 你最好把这张卡片放在手头上。 had better do sth. “最好做某事 ”，为 固定搭配。 2Seeing from the top
38、 of the hill, the garden looks more beautiful. _ 答案： Seeing Seensee与 the garden在逻辑上存在动宾关系， 因此用过去分词作状语。 3Our company is going on very well. Employ dozens of local women, we produce handmade goods with unique designs that sell well overseas. _ 答案：EmployEmploying第二个句子的主语we是 employ 这 一动作的执行者，因此用现在分词短语作状
39、语。 4If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely bring your work home. _ 答案： likely 后加 tobe likely to do sth.“很可能做某事 ”。 5People probably cooked their food in large pots ，used twigs (树 枝) to remove it. _ 答案： used using现在分词作状语，表示方式。 .语法填空 Drawn in simple black and w
40、hite, Tuzki (兔斯基 ) doesnt seem special at first sight. But with two narrow eyes and slim arms, the rabbit creates his own special magic. He is very good at using body language _1_(express) different emotions. His _2_ (present) on instant messaging platforms like QQ and WeChat had made him into_3_ tr
41、ue icon (偶像，标志 ) of the interesting generation. It is an achievement neither the rabbit_4_its creator Wang Maomao would have imagined. As early as 2006, Tuzki lived on Wangs blog, showing_5_ she was going through in her life. For instance, Tuzki went to the dentist,_6_(eat) instant noodles, and watc
42、hed horror movies alone at midnightjust like the 29-year-old Beijing artist herself. “Many people said I looked like a rabbit when they first met me ， ” Wang said, explaining how she came up _7_the idea for Tuzki. At first the rabbit represented Wang herself. Over time, _8_ ，Tuzki gradually develope
43、d his own character. “Hes a rabbit with a loving heart who _9_ (discourage) easily by reality. He likes to complain, but he can always enjoy _10_，” she said. 1_2._3._4._ 5_6._7._8._ 9_10._ 篇章导读： 本文是一篇说明文。 文章介绍了聊天表情图 兔斯 基的一些情况。 1to express 考查非谓语动词。 use sth. to do sth. 表示 “用 做某事 ”，习惯搭配。 2presence 考查词性
44、转换。物主代词后需跟名词。 3a考查不定冠词。 a true icon 泛指一个真正的偶像，且true 的发音是以辅音音素开头，故填a。 4nor考查固定搭配。此处是neither . nor . 结构。 5what考查宾语从句的连接词。展示她生活中经历的事情。 what 引导宾语从句并在从句中作宾语，表示“ 的东西 (事情)”。 6ate考查动词的时态。 由上文 Tuzki went to the dentist和下文 and watched . 可知此处用一般过去时。 7with考查固定搭配。 come up with “想出；提出 ”。 8however考查副词。由时间状语at firs
45、t 和 over time 等可知 情况发生了变化，前后分句是转折关系。 9is discouraged考查动词的语态。由后文by reality 可知用被 动语态。 10himself考查反身代词。 enjoy oneself “玩得开心；过得愉 快”。 .短文改错 I can still remember I was once asked to make speech before the whole class at the age of 9. You can imagine how shy I was when I thought of that with so many eyes f
46、ixed to me. I had no more choice but to prepare for it, though. The hardest part was my oral presentation from my memory, for reading from the paper wasnt allowing. The real moment began before I stood on the platform with my legs trembling or my mind blank. But my listeners were waiting patient. Gr
47、adually, I found me back, giving my speech at last. After what seemed to be a long time, I heard all the listeners applauding loudly. Ever since then, my fear of speak before a big audience had disappeared. Actually, now Ive become a great speaker! 答案： I can still remember I was once asked to make a speech before the whole class at the age of 9. You can imagine how shy I was when I thought of that with so many eyes fixed to on/upon me. I had no more / choice choices but to prepare f