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1、1 武 汉 大 学 2017 年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值（满分值 100100 分）分） 科目名称：英语 科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (220 = 40 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statemen
2、ts, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes.
3、 But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the Wests dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on
4、at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corpor
5、ate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which t
6、ries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free o
7、f charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growt
8、h. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugmans phrase. But Silicon Valleys best companies are certainly focusing on t
9、hings that change the material world. 2 Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people bei
10、ng able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road. 1. What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the worlds economy? A. It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity. B. It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior. C. It is due to the fact that many old
11、 firms are not run by bureaucrats. D. It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created. 2. The first argument on the optimists side is unconvincing because the official figures _. A. are both wrong and unconvincing B. downplay the internet revolution C. fail to include the consumer
12、surplus D. cant explain the decline in productivity growth 3. What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley? A. They have only focused on the fun part of life. B. They have made a difference in the real world. C. They have more persuasive productivity. D. They have only just begun to develop
13、. 4. How can driverless cars benefit American industries? A. Driverless cars have revived two large American industries. B. The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars. C. Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work. D. Driverless cars have stimulated the
14、development of Uber and Airbnb. Passage Two Winston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies writte
15、n in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchills life. Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchesters health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great
16、 was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times. Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumen
17、tal undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 and 3 follows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the C
18、old War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire. Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary mate
19、rials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history. Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his persona
20、l courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchills poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cru
21、iser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese. He highlights Churchills naivet in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalins land grab in Eastern Europe at the end
22、 of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war such as Churchills fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other b
23、ooks. 5. What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill? A. They were written in an interesting style. B. They were written prior to Churchills death. C. They are mainly written from a historical point of view. D. They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period. 6. Why did the bio
24、graphy once become a front page story in The New York Times? A. People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume. B. Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume. C. The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue. D. Readers wanted t
25、o know who would be the new author of the final volume. 7. Why does the third volume prove to be worthy? A. It is widely read and welcomed by readers. B. It involves enough details in Churchills life. C. It is based on thorough and reliable research. D. It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.
26、 8. What can we know about Churchill through the third volume? 4 A. He is a man with complexity. B. He pulled Britain through WWII. C. He made many strategic mistakes. D. He is courageous and inspirational. Passage Three Asteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the p
27、lanets surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planets infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as o
28、ften thought, scientists added. Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earths history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion yea
29、rs old. For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said le
30、ad study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology. However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture
31、 of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the
32、 evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought. The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi a
33、nd his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then. “We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these ea
34、rly collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,” Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earths present-day mass. The researchers discovered that “the surface
35、of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors mpkt larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so really, really big impactors, Marchi said. “When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earths crust and mantle, coveri
36、ng a large fraction of the surface,” 5 Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earths surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said. 9.
37、Why is little known about the Earths first 500 million years? A. Because it is an imagined period of time. B. Because this period is of little significance. C. Because it is impossible to know about this period. D. Because no rocks are available as research evidence. 10. Why is the early Earth imagi
38、ned to be hellish? A. Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets. B. Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned. C. Because it was so according to Greek mythology. D. Because back then there was no life. 11. Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought? A.
39、Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life. B. Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging. C. Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life. D. Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth b
40、ack then. 12. How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth? A. The moon once smashed into the Earth too. B. The moon was battered earlier than the Earth. C. The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe. D. The moons surface is heavily cratered as the Eart
41、hs. Passage Four From beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space Xs eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered
42、and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts. Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions. “The Bigelow Expandable Activity M
43、odule, or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post. The habitats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space
44、available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says. 6 But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms whe
45、re astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules dont inflate they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect fro
46、m any speeding debris. Inside SpaceXs Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “Itll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habi
47、tat in space,” former astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There wont be this sense of it being like a balloon.” But astronauts wont be getting inside the module for some time yet. The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the mo
48、dule are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future. The testing is schedule
49、d to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASAs partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Boldens desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015. 13. What