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1、 英语（一）试题 -1-（共 14 页） Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smar
2、tphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the lan
3、d. When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and fol
4、low any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people. If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in den
5、se forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 ,
6、 assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization. 英语（一）试题 -2-（共 14 页） 1. A. Few B. Most C. Some D. All 2. A. put B. take C. run D. come 3. A. Since B. Until C. Though D. If 4.
7、A. formally B. literally C. gradually D. relatively 5. A. around B. away C. back D. next 6. A. onto B. along C. across D. off 7. A. unattractive B. unfamiliar C. unchanged D. uncrowded 8. A. way B. point C. site D. place 9. A. Instead B. Yet C. So D. Besides 10. A. immediately B. eventually C. unexp
8、ectedly D. intentionally 11. A. frightened B. annoyed C. surprised D. confused 12. A. problem B. result C. view D. option 13. A. Above all B. For example C. On average D. In contrast 14. A. spot B. avoid C. bridge D. separate 15. A. from B. under C. beyond D. through 16. A. posts B. breaks C. shades
9、 D. links 17. A. hidden B. mysterious C. artificial D. limited 18. A. Finally B. Consequently C. Incidentally D. Generally 19. A. memories B. belongings C. notes D. marks 20. A. lead B. adapt C. restrict D. expose Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Ans
10、wer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) 英语（一）试题 -3-（共 14 页） Text 1 Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be
11、 delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-m
12、aking, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism,” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of Englands top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred
13、 Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years
14、 to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.” In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more
15、rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech t
16、his week. In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay
17、is now tied to performance. Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company. Within
18、companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long t
19、erm. 英语（一）试题 -4-（共 14 页） 21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to A. guarantee the bonuses of top executives. B. enhance bankers sense of responsibility. C. build a new system of financial regulation. D. help corporations achieve larger profits. 22. Alfred Marshall is
20、quoted to indicate A. the solid structure of publicly traded companies. B. governments impatience in decision-making. C. the conditions for generating quick profits. D. “short-termism” in economic activities. 23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be A. m
21、inimal. B. indirect. C. adverse. D. temporary. 24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate A. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.” B. the prevalence of short-term thinking. C. the significance of long-term thinking. D. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.” 25. Which of the fo
22、llowing would be the best title for the text? A. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives B. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism C. Patience as a Corporate Virtue D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers 英语（一）试题 -5-（共 14 页） Text 2 Grade inflation the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) o
23、ver the past few decades is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness” is helping raise GPAs. Grade forgiveness allow
24、s students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA. The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep s
25、tudents in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most c
26、olleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven. College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to t
27、heir degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State Universitys registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.” Tha
28、t said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And
29、 anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill feel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges. Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers exp
30、ectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible or at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned. 英语（一）试题 -6-（共 14
31、页） 26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation? A. Colleges neglect of GPAs. B. The influence of consumer culture. C. Students indifference to GPAs. D. The change of course catalogs. 27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness? A. To maintain colleges graduation rates. B
32、. To increase universities income from tuition. C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future. D. To help freshmen adapt to college learning. 28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to A. obtain more financial support. B. improve their teaching quality. C. boost their stu
33、dent enrollments. D. meet local governments needs. 29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean? A. To counterbalance each other. B. To be contradictory to each other. C. To be identical with each other. D. To complement each other. 30. The author examines the practi
34、ce of grade forgiveness by A. assessing its feasibility. B. listing its long-run effects. C. comparing different views on it. D. analyzing the causes behind it. 英语（一）试题 -7-（共 14 页） Text 3 This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
35、Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come. Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “Wha
36、t is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?” What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like
37、humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.” Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no go
38、od theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.” But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make sp
39、lit-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation
40、 is a difficult programming problem. Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singap
41、ore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring. On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directe
42、d weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights. While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be expla
43、inable, transparent, and fair. To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster. 英语（一）试题 -8-（共 14 页） 31. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is men
44、tioned because it A. involves some concerns raised by AI today. B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years. C. fascinates AI scientists all over the world. D. has sparked serious ethical controversies. 32. In David Eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness A. helps explain arti
45、ficial intelligence. B. is too limited for us to reproduce it. C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series. D. can be misleading to robot making. 33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles A. can hardly ever be found. B. has aroused much curiosity. C. is still beyond our capacity
46、. D. causes little public concern. 34. The authors attitude toward Googles pledges is one of A. contempt. B. skepticism. C. respect. D. affirmation. 35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting
47、the Age of AI C. AIs Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants D. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control 英语（一）试题 -9-（共 14 页） Text 4 States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter walle
48、ts but is a big financial win for states. The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didnt have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didnt have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers w