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1、一、名词性从句一、名词性从句 （一）（一）在宾语从句中主句和从句之间的时态的一致关系在宾语从句中主句和从句之间的时态的一致关系,通常由主句谓语的时态决定从句谓通常由主句谓语的时态决定从句谓 语的时态语的时态. 若主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时,如： 一般现在时,现在完成时,一般将来时,将来完成时等, 从句可以根据需要使用任何时态. 如 :He says that he is doing well in his lessons.you will miss a lot of lessons.the boy is lazy.XiaoWang was late for school yesterday.
2、Jim has been back for two days. 若主句谓语动词是过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时,过去将来完 成时),从句谓语动词也必须是过去时态. 如:He said he enjoyed himself last Sunday.he hadnt bought any present.the would come back the next day.he was doing his homework 当从句表示客观事物或真理,或人们已经公认的道理时,其时态不受主句谓语动词的时态的 影响.即使主句谓语动词使用了过去时的某种时态,从句的时态仍然是现在的某种
3、时态. 1)The teacher said the earth goes around the sun。 2)He said the sun rises in the east. 3)His father said he gets up at six oclock every morning. 4)He told me the light travels faster than the sound. 当从句表示并未出现或尚未实现的愿望时,必须用过去时态. （可包含在 1/2 中） 有些形容词后面可跟有从句,这种从句一般可看作宾语从句,其谓语也应 与主句谓语的时态保持一致.可跟这种宾语从句的形
4、容词有： afraid, glad, sure, confident, sorry, certain, conscious, aware 等.一致的原则与宾语从句相同. 例如： Im confident that Ill pass the exam. 我有信心通过考试. He was lucky that he wasnt killed. 他很幸运没有被杀死. （二二）在主语从句在主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句中表语从句和同位语从句中,主句和从句之间的时态一致关系所遵守的法则主句和从句之间的时态一致关系所遵守的法则 和宾语从句相同和宾语从句相同. 例如： It appears that som
5、e little trouble was caused by a woman, whose name has not been ascertained. 看来这件小小的麻烦是由一个至今尚不清楚其姓名的女人所引起的. It was known long ago that Professor Einstein played a key role in the development of the theory of relativity. 人们早已知道,爱因斯坦教授对相对论的发展起了关键作用. It was proved centuries ago that the speed of light
6、is 186,000 miles a second. 几世纪前就证实 了光的速度为每秒 186,000 英里. The fact that man would soon be able to visit the moon built up new scientific interest in earths nearest neighbor. 人类不久可以游览月球的事实,引起了对地球最近邻居的新的科学兴趣. 二、二、定语从句与主句的时态一致关系定语从句与主句的时态一致关系 定语从句的时态不受影响意思就是定语从句的时态是根据事物真实发生的情景决定不受主 句影响,因为定语从句的作用只是在修饰句子中的
7、名词之类的,和句子本身的时态没有关系. 比如： He is a man whose telephone was stolen.他是那个手机被偷的那个人. 主句一般现在时,从句过去时,因为手机真实被偷是在过去发生. I went to the apartment in which Mary lives in.我去过 Mary 现在住的房子. 主句过去式,从句一般现在时,因为我去过的那个房子,Mary 确实现在在住. 若定语从句的谓语表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作同时发生,则要求使用同样的时 态. 例如：The original manuscript of The Theory of Relati
8、vity was written by Einstein who was then an employee in a patent office. “相对论” 的原稿是由当时在一家专利办公室工作的 爱因斯坦写的. 主句与定语从句的谓语表示的动作如果不是同时发生,时态则不要求一致. 例如： Have you seen the new golf clubs that Mr. Stevens gave Bill? 你看过史蒂文斯先生给比 尔的那些新高尔夫球棒了吗? I painted several pictures that are now on show in the museums. 我画了几
9、张画,现在正 在博物馆里展出. 三、三、状语从句与主句的时态状语从句与主句的时态 状语从句中的时态对应状语从句中的时态对应类型。（同名词性从句）类型。（同名词性从句） 1、主句谓语动词为现在时态，则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态；主句谓语动词为现在时态，则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态； Each of the major glacial stages produces distinctive land forms that remain long after the glacier has disappeared. 每一主要冰河期都产生特殊的地形,这种地形一直保留到冰川消失之后很久. 2、主
10、句谓语动词为过去时态主句谓语动词为过去时态，从句的时态一般是过去范畴的时态从句的时态一般是过去范畴的时态，其中有如下几种情况要其中有如下几种情况要 注意：注意： （1）当从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，从句中一般用一般过去时或过去进行时。当从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，从句中一般用一般过去时或过去进行时。 e.g. When Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States of America, he was completely involved in the problem of slavery.当亚伯拉罕林肯成为美国总统时,他
11、便陷入到奴隶问题的 漩涡中去了. The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard. （2）从句的动作发生在主句动作之后，从句时态用过去将来时。从句的动作发生在主句动作之后，从句时态用过去将来时。 （3） 从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句时态用过去完成时。从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句时态用过去完成时。 After she had finished her work, she hurried to the nursery to pick up her child. 干完工作后,她匆匆赶到托儿所
12、接孩子. The director had explained the details many times before the workers took the job. 工头在工人们开始工作前把细节给他们讲了好多遍. 3、状语从句中特殊的时态关系。、状语从句中特殊的时态关系。 主将从现原则主将从现原则 在 if，unless 等词引导的条件状语从句； 在 when，till/until，as soon as，before，after，as，while，each time，the moment 等词引导 的时间状语从句； 在 no matter + wh-， however， whatev
13、er， whenever， even if/even though， so long as， on condition that 等引导的让步状语从句中，若主句为一般将来时（或包含情态动词/祈使句），从句谓 语动词常用一般现在时表示将来； 若主句为过去将来时， 从句谓语动词通常用一般过去时态 代替过去将来时态。 e.g. 新概念例句： If you park you car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it. I will call you as soon as she arrives.当她来的时候，我就打电话给
14、你。 If it clears up, we will go to the park. 如果天晴的话，我们就去公园。 I will not let them in, whoever they are.不管他们是谁，我都不会让他们进来。 If their marketing plans succeed, they _ their sales by 20 percent. A. will increaseB. have been increasingC. have increasedD. would be increasing 特定引导词及句式的时态特定引导词及句式的时态 . since sinc
15、e 引导的时间状语从句为一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时或现在完成进行时引导的时间状语从句为一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。 e.g. Jenny has had another baby since I saw her last. 从上次我见到 Jenny 以来她又生了个孩子。 I have been learning English since I was in Grade 3. 自从上三年级以来， 我一直在学英语。 The girl told her father she had been ill since she came home.那个女孩告诉她父亲，自从
16、回到家 她就一直在生病。 Note: It + be + 一段时间一段时间+ since中中，若主句为一般现在时或现在完成时若主句为一般现在时或现在完成时，从从 句常用一般过句常用一般过 去时；如果主句为一般过去时，从句则常用过去完成时。去时；如果主句为一般过去时，从句则常用过去完成时。 e.g. It is more than three years now since I saw her last.从我上次见到她我们已有三年多没见面了。 It has been three years since I was in Beijing. 我不在北京已经三年了。(1988 全国) They ask
17、ed me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I _ a good drink.A. had enjoyedB. was enjoyingC. enjoyedD. had been enjoying . before before 引导的时间状语从句若是过去时，主句可用一般过去时或过去完成时。引导的时间状语从句若是过去时，主句可用一般过去时或过去完成时。 e.g. He closed the door, before he left the classroom.他在离开教室之前关上了门。
18、 We had been to four cities before he came to join us. 他来加入我们之前我们已经去了四个城 市了。 Note: before 的常用句型的常用句型It will (wont) be + 时间段时间段/ long + before + 一般现在时一般现在时 It was (wasnt) + 时间段时间段/ long + before + 一般过去时一般过去时(2008 北京，北京，34) Im sorry youve been waiting so long, but itll still be some time _ Brian gets
19、back. A. beforeB. sinceC. tillD. after . by the time by the time 指到某一点时间为止，主句常用完成时态。一般情况下，如果从句表示的是过指到某一点时间为止，主句常用完成时态。一般情况下，如果从句表示的是过 去时间，主句常用过去完成时；如果从句表示的是将来时间，主句则常用将来完成时。去时间，主句常用过去完成时；如果从句表示的是将来时间，主句则常用将来完成时。 e.g. By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候， 我将 已经
20、完成此工作了。 By the time he was 15, he had travelled to more than 12 countries. 到 15 岁为止，他已经去过 12 个国家了。 By the time he went abroad, he was 15. 他出国那年 15 岁。 (2002 上海) He will have learned English for eight years by the time he_ from the university next year. A. will graduateB. will have graduatedC. graduat
21、esD. is to graduate . no sooner. . . than，hardly / scarcely / barelywhen引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句，其主句其主句 通常用过去完成时，从句通常用一般过去时。通常用过去完成时，从句通常用一般过去时。 e.g. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他刚到她就抱怨起来。 No sooner had he gone to sleep than the telephone rang. He had no sooner gone to sleep than th
22、e telephone rang.他刚睡着电话铃就响了 Then (无比较级)adv. 1)(指过去)那时,当时；（指将来）到那时,届时. eg)We lived in the countryside then.我们那时住在乡村. 2）然后；其次；接着；于是. eg)First comes spring,then summer.先是春天,接着是夏天. 3）常用于句首或句尾那么；就；因而. eg)Then,lets begin!那么,咱们就开始吧! 4）兼作连词而且；此外；还有；再者. eg)And then there are other things to do.而且还有其他的事要做. 5）
23、与 now,some times 等连用（一会儿）一会儿又 eg)Now the weather is fine,then cloudy.天一会儿好,一会儿阴. （二）(无比较等级）adj.作定语当时的. eg)the then ruler 当时的统治者. （三）n.u 1.用作副词,表示“那时”,可用于过去或将来.如： He was in Paris then.那时他在巴黎. He will be free then.那时他就会有空了. 注：有时可用于某些介词后.如： He will have left by then.到那时他就会已经离开了. From then on he worked
24、harder.从此以后,他工作更努力了. 2.表示“然后”、“接着”,通常与连词 and 连用.如： Lets go for a drink and then go home.我们先去喝一杯,然后再回家. He went to Paris,and then to London.他到了巴黎,后又到了伦敦. 注：在口语中有时可不用连词 and 而只用 then. 另外,有时位于句首,其后用倒装句.如： Then came the day of his exam.接着他考试的那一天到了. 3.表示“那么”、“既然是那样”、“这么说来”,通常用于句首或句末.如： You say you dont want to be a teacher.Then what do you want to be?你说你不想当老师,那么你 想干什么呢? Then you mean to say I am a cheat.那么你的意思是说我是个骗子. 注：有时与条件或时间状语从句搭配使用.如： If its not on the table,then it will be in the drawer.要是不在桌上,那就是抽屉里. When I know what really happened,then I shall be able to decide.当我知道事实真相后,我就可 以作决定了.