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1、1. There are six basic classes of nutrients that must be considered in formulating diets:water、carbohydrates、protein、lipids、minerals、vitamins.2. Maintenance is the state in which there is neither gain nor loss of a nutrient by the body.3. Pigs are delivered in the “litter”,and chicks are hatched fro
2、m the “egg”.4. After approximately 115 days of pregnancy,parturition is initiated.5. Regardless of the species ,most of digestion and absorption of nutrients take place in the small intestine.6. Apparent digestibility:表观消化率7. Proximate analysis:工业分析8. Lactation:泌乳9. Digestive tract:消化道10. Stall:畜栏11
3、. 瘤胃：paunch12. 母猪：hen13. 饲养密度：stocking density14. 肉鸡：broiler chicken15. 饲料转化率：feed conversion rate16. 动物福利：animal welfare17. The maintenance portion of the total energy need during growth increases with body size,but the additional need for the growth depends on the rate and the composition of the t
4、issue being formed.生长期间的总能量需求的维持部分随着身体尺寸增加，但是对生长的额外需要取决于所形成的组织的速率和合成物。18. Pigs have an immature digestive system at birth,whereas chicks have a full complement of digestive enzymes at hatching-”Chicks”can utilize corn and soybean meal diets efficiently from day one,whereas baby pigs must depend on m
5、ilk or milk-based diets! 猪在出生时有一个不成熟的消化系统，而雏鸡在孵化时有完整的消化酶补充 - “小鸡”可以从第一天有效地利用玉米和豆粕日粮，而小猪必须依赖于牛奶或牛奶基础的饮食！19. 能量和蛋白质饲喂不足会导致公畜、母畜性成熟延迟。Under feeding energy or protein can result in delayed sexual maturing in both the male and female.20. 胃最重要的功能是储存食物，控制其内容物向十二指肠释放。Stomach,its most important function is s
6、torage of food and controlled release of its contents into the duodenum.21. 猪的需水量变异很大，取决于空气温度、湿度和采食量。Variation in the water requirements of pigs varies greatly, depending on air temperature, humidity, and feed intake.22. Stall allow the sow to stand ,lie,eat and drink,but may not allow them to turn
7、around .It allows the producer to feed and observe each sow individually to meet her needs and it protects her from other aggressive sows.畜栏容许母猪站立、躺、吃食和喝水，但不允许它们到处跑，允许生产人员饲养和观察每一个单独的母猪，发现的需要保护她不受其他母猪侵害。23. During mitosis there are four typical stages in the division of the cell nucleus.In the order
8、in which they occur ,they are:prophase,metaphase,anaphase and telophase.24. A gene pair will determine the genotype of a productive trait,for example,a polled cow might carry the gene pair PP.A horned cow must carry the gene pair PP.Here, the gene pair PP and PP are called as.A homozygous gene pair.
9、25. The estrous cycle is the cycle is conveniently divided into 4 phases:Proestrus,Estrus,Metestrus,Diestrus,Fertilization,Gestation,Birth.26. Biotechnology is being applied to enhance genetic progress through these four factors:increase genetic variation,increase the accuracy of selection,reduce th
10、e generation interval and to increase the selection intensity.27. Genetic Inheritance is the proportion of the total variation (genetic and environmental) that is due to additive gene effects,Its estimate expresses the likelihood of a trait being passed on from parent to of spring.28. Codominance:共显
11、性。如果双亲的性状同时在F1个体上表现出来，这种显性表现称为共显性。29. Sex-linked gene:伴性基因。当基因位于决定性别的性染色体上的时候，它的遗传就与性别密切联系起来，这种与性别相联系的遗传现象叫做伴性遗传，决定伴性遗传的基因位于性染色体上，叫伴性基因。30. Meiosis:减数分裂。是生物细胞中染色体数目减半的分裂方式。31. The best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP):最佳线性无偏预测.是一种能显著提高遗传进展，特别是对于中等程度和高遗传力遗传力性状和限性性状，系谱信息较健全，个体表型值较准确的性状，其效果更加明显的方法。32.
12、MOET:动物胚胎生物工程技术.现代动物胚胎工程的概念涵盖所有对动物配子和胚胎进行工程化操作的技术方法.33. MAS: 分子标记辅助选择.是随着现代分子生物学技术的迅速发展而产生的新技术，它可以从分子水平上快速准确地分析个体的遗传组成，从而实现对基因型的直接选择，进行分子育种。34. IVF:体外受精联合胚胎移植技术.是指分别将卵子与精子取出后，置于试管内使其受精，再将胚胎前体-受精卵移植回母体子宫内发育成胎儿。35. ET:胚胎移植。是指将雌性动物的早期胚胎，或者通过体外受精及及其他方式得到的胚胎，移植到同种的、生理状态相同的其他雌性动物体内，使之继续发育为新个体的技术。36. Sperm
13、atogenesis:精子发生。动物精子在睾丸内形成的过程。37. Epigenomics:表观基因组学.在基因组的水平上研究表观遗传修饰的领域.38. Selection index:选择性指数.指某一用来标量可行性或者适合度的量.39. Heterosis:杂种优势.指杂交子代在生长活力、育性和种子产量等方面都优于双亲均值的现象.40. The deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) molecule is shaped like a double helix.The sides of the molecule are composed of two strands of d
14、eoxyribose(a five-carbon sugar molecule).The deoxyribose molecules in the side strands are linked together by phosphoric acid.脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）分子的形状像双螺旋。分子的两侧由脱氧核糖（5个碳糖分子）的两条链组成。侧链中的脱氧核糖分子连接 一起通过磷酸。41. The side strands are linked together by nitrogen-containing bases.Two are purines.A nucleotide is a comb
15、ination of one of the deoxyribose and the phosphate to the other.The phosphate is also attached to the next deoxyribose in the chain,forming a polynucleotide chain.Two of these polynucleotide chains twist into a coil,forming the double helix of the DNA molecule.侧链通过含氮碱基连接在一起。两个是嘌呤。核苷酸是脱氧核糖和磷酸酯之一与另一个
16、的组合。磷酸酯还连接到链中的下一脱氧核糖，形成多核苷酸链 。这些多核苷酸链中的两个扭曲成线圈，形成DNA分子的双螺旋。42. 受精是配子的融合产生一个新的有机体，在动物中，这个过程包含了一个精子与卵子的融合，最终导致胚胎的发育。Fertilization is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism, in animals, this process involves a fusion of sperm and egg, eventually leading to embryonic development.43. 在哺乳动物中，后代的性
17、别是由精子细胞决定的：如果一个精子携带Y染色体，会导致雄性后代（XY）的产生；而如果镜子携带X染色体，将导致一个雄性（XY）后代的产生。In mammals, the sex of the offspring is determined by the sperm cell: if a sperm carries the Y chromosome, the male offspring (XY) will be produced; and if the mirror carries the X chromosome, it will result in the generation of a male (XY) progeny.