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1、模块一：定语从句（1） 定义1. 在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2. 被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词.1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句2) You must do everything that I do.先行词 关系代词 定语从句（二）定语从句分类限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，
2、如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标 点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who (that) whom指物which (that)人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which人和物的whose关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子性质限制性非限制性形式上无逗号有逗号内容上先行词不是唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。关系词可用that , why. 作宾语可以省略不可用that ,why。关系
3、词一律不省。先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以是整个句子汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句（1）限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。He has a brother who is a physicist.He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一个)He returned all the books which are written in English.He returned all t
4、he books, which are written in English.A student who studies hard will make good progress. The student, who lives far from school, is the leader of their football match.（2）什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句1） 当先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。 Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly. My house, wh
5、ich I bought last year, has got a garden . Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句时则表示唯一的一个，Her room has a window which faces south.Her room has a window, which faces south.I have a brother who is working in Beijing.I have a brother, who is workin
6、g in Beijing.3.当先行词表示类属意义，即表示某类动物，事物或人时，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world.(三)：定语从句引导词1.关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.2.关系副词 when, where, why等.（1）关系代词的作用 1）连接主句和从句。2）代表被修饰的先行词。3）
7、在定语从句做一个句子成分。This is the room which I lived in last year.先行词 关系代词 定语从句 （2）同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用(成分)来决定。关系代词词行先行词充当成分who人主、宾、表Whom人宾That人&物主、宾、表Which物主、宾、表As物主、宾Whose = of whom/of which人&物定语关系副词When = at/in/on/during. which时间状Where = at/in/to. which地点状Why = for which原因状that 在口语中可以代替关系副词以上
8、三者状(3) 关系词所做的成份是由从句中的动词来决定的This is the place where we work.（vi.） This is the place which we visited. (vt. )(4)关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。I want to see the film that is on show.The students who dont study hard will not pas the exam.(5)one of the 与the one of the 做先行词时谓语不一致。 Li Bai is one of the gre
9、atest poets that have lived in China. Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China. This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese. This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese. He is one of the boys who are willing to do it. He is the only one
10、of the boys who is willing to do it.（四）关系代词that、which、who的区别1. 只能用that的情况(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。All the people that are present burst into tears.Everything that we saw was interesting.Im interested in everything tha
11、t I dont know.All that is needed is a supply of oil.(2) 如果先等词被 all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用I read all the books that you gave to me.This is the only money that I have in my pocket.All the money that was collected was given to the Hope Project. (3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级
12、修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which。This is the first book that was written in English.This is the last factory that I visited.This is the best film that I have ever seen.This is the funniest thing that I ever heard.(4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.This is the only
13、book that I really like.He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.(5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who, which.The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(6) who ,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.Who is t
14、he person that is standing there?Which of us that knows English doesnt know this?which of the novel do you like best?(7) 关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.It took us many years to make the city that it is today.He is not the man that he used to be.China isnt the country it used to be.(8) 先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that .Y
15、esterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water. (9) 当主句 “ there be “开头时，关系代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.(10) 当先行词是 “ to be “ 后面的表语时，关系代词用that . This is the dictionary that was b
16、ought in the bookstore yesterday.2. 只能用which的情况（1）非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.Bei jing , which is chinas capital, is rich in culture.（2）those/that +名词后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。That pen which
17、he took is mine.A shop should keep those goods which sells well.（3） 介词后只用whichThis is the room in which he lived.I dont know the man to whom you talked.The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，不用that.例如：He succe
18、eded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5) 先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?(6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词 which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.(7) the way作为先行词的定语从句1）the way作为方式状语的定语从句中I do
19、not like the way (that/in which/不填）you talk to me.2）the way在充当主语或者宾语的定语从句中作主语时，that/which：I like the way of reading that/which is given by you作宾语时，that/which/不填：I like the way of reading that/which/不填you taught to me3. 只用who, whom.而不用that的情况(1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, so
20、mebody, those, ones等时，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。Is there anyone here who will go with you?People all like those who have good manners.(2) 当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then.Our class, which is a very good one
21、, was praised again at the meeting.(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know.(5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who The aunt/uncle who came to see
22、us last week is my brothers sister.（五） whose 引导的定语从句1. 关系代词whose是who的所有格， 在从句中做定语，既可指人，也可指物。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2. “Whose名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能做主语，又能做宾语。Whose的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可与of which结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”I live in the room, the window of which faces south.
23、=whose windowThey come to a house, the back wall of which had broken down.= whose back wall （六）As 与which的用法异同1. 相同之处： 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容（不仅是主句中的某个词，而且可以替代整个主句内容）；若as、which做从句的主语，从句的谓语动词用单数。He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made
24、 his parents very happy.2. 区别：1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。As we all know, Galileos theory of falling objects is right.= Galileos theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.2) as有“如” 、“正
25、如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等（习惯用语）。 We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. We are facing the problems which we faced years ago. We hope to get such a tool as he is using. We hope to get the tool which he is using.3) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与such 或the
26、same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。the sameas; such.asThis is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is using4) as做主语时，其后必跟系动词，而which 无此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.He was murdered, as seemed true.5) 当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，只能用which；。We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which
27、 was almost uncomfortable.He came to my birthday party, which I didnt expect at all.6）the same as 与the same .that 的区别： 前者修饰的是原物同样的而后者修饰的就是先行词This is the same watch as I lost. 这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那一只手表。（七）介词关系代词(1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可
28、以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which, 不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物。Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?He works in a factory, in front of which there is a riverGive me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man whos
29、e father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher.This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle.(2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3)关系代词前的介词如何确定？A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配Mr. Smith bought a new house on w
30、hich he spent all his money.B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)C.根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)注意关系代词的位置：介词在关系代词前时，只能用which 和whom不能用that
31、代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which ,that ,whom, who都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters. = This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以一个句子有时有多种用
32、法如：那就是他工作的大学This is the college at which he works.This is the college that/which he works at. This is the college where he works. * 但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is the book which /that I am l
33、ooking for.This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.（八）关系副词引导的定语从句1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语， where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。1) when 表示时间, 充当时间状语 when=on/ in/ of /at+which I still remember the day when I join the party I will never forget the day when I first c
34、ame to Beijing.但注意：1. 当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport等；时间：time, day, year, month, week,等；以及原因：reason 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where ,when ,why引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代词that /which来引导而不是用where等。I still remember the day that we spent together。May 1 is the day that I will
35、 never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visited.That is th
36、e house that he lived in.The place that we had been to was far.The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.2.当先行词为 by the time , any time , every time, the first time ,the last time 时，关系词不用when，而用that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980.By the ti
37、me he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics.* 但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that, when均可。I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.3. 当先行词为way 时，关系词用in which ,that, 或省略.This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles.4.why 表示原因（现行词只有一个 reason），做原因状语。 Why= for whichThat is the reason w
38、hy he was late.（九）学生容易出现的问题。1. 在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. （）Some of the boys I invited didnt come. （）Is this the horse you drew it yesterday?（）Is this the horse you drew yesterday?（）2. 把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.（） Those who have
39、finished may leave the classroom now.（）This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.（） This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward. （）3. 省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. （） Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.（）They key opens
40、the room is missing. （） They key which/that opens the room is missing.（）4. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。The house where he lives in needs repairing.（） The house where he lives needs repairing. （） The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.（）This is the time at when hes more likely to be in. （） This is
41、the time when hes more likely to be in. （） This is the time at which hes more likely to be in.（）练习：1.He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows ,most of_hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. those C. that D. which 2.Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.A.
42、it B. that C. which D. he3.She heard a terrible noise , _ brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that4.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person_she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 5.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work hard , but _ d
43、idnt help.A. he B. which C. she D. it6. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it7. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when8. Carol said the work would be
44、 done by October, _ personally I doubt very much.A. it B. that C. when D. which9.The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expected.A. when B. that C. which D. what10.It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
45、A. that B.while C. which D.when11. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected. A. like B. as C. that D. which 12. Recently I bought an ancient vase, _ was very reasonable.A. which priceB. the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of those13. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role i