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1、定 语 从 句一、定语从句的定义和结构 在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词，充当定语的从句。被修饰的词叫先行词，引出从句的词叫关系词（分关系代词和关系副词）。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who (宾格whom,所有格whose),as, but, 和关系副词where , when , why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又指代先行词内容，并在从句中充当一个成分。关系词是根据先行词类别、关系词在从句中所作成分以及其他特殊要求三个方面确定的。 关系词基本分类： 指人：who, whom, whose, of
2、whom, that, as, / 指事物：which, whose, of which, that, as, 指人或事物：whose, that, as, /指时间：when 指地点：where 指原因：why二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, (as, but).1) that的先行词可指人或物，以及人与物同指。that在从句中作主、宾或表语： I like the book that you lent to me. The boy that is standing near the door is my brother. H
3、e is no longer the person that he used to be. 2) which的先行词是物。which在作从句的主语或宾语： They planted the flowers which didnt need much water. The dictionary which my father bought for me is very useful to me.我爸爸给我买的词典非常有用。注意 that, which指物时有时可互换（二者的区别见“定语从句注意事项”）。3) who/whom的先行词是人。在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom。 The tea
4、cher who went to see me yesterday is Mr. Wang. The girl whom I talked with just now will go to Beijing. Mr. Read is the person to whom you should write.4）whose的先行词可以是人也可是物。whose在从句中作定语。whose可用of which, of whom换用，不过of which和of whom除了表所属外还可以表示部分与整体的关系。 He is the boy whose father is a doctor. Do you kn
5、ow the owner of the house whose windows / the windows of which / of which the windows face south? Here are ten players, three of whom are from London. All the books, five of which are broken, have been put away. whose还可以与它修饰的词一起作介词宾语： The boss in whose department Mr. King worked called at the hospit
6、al.He studies in a school whose buildings(= ) are built on top of a hill. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词：why, where, when（非正式用法中都可用that代替）。它们也可用介词 + which代替，关系副词在从句中都作状语。1)wh
7、y(=for which)的先行词只用the reason。why在从句中作原因状语。 I dont know the reason why (for which) he didnt come. 当先行词为reason时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是why。The reason he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.Can you tell me the reason you didnt finish your homework?I dont believe the reason he gave me.
8、 Have you asked him the reason may explain his success?比较 He was late .Thats because he got up late./ He got up late. Thats why he was late.2) where（=介词+ which）的先行词是表地点的词，如：house, room, place等。where在从句中作地点状语。 This is the school where we study every year. 当先行词为地点名词时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是whe
9、re。 This is the school which we study in every day. This is the school that / which we visited yesterday.This is the factory they worked last year. This is the factory they visited last year. I think you have got to the point a change is needed, or you would fail.Hes got himself into a dangerous sit
10、uation hes likely to lose control of the plane.3) when（=介词+ which）的先行词是表示时间的名词，如time, year, day, week等。when在从句中作时间状语。 Ill never forget the time when (during which) we worked on the farm.当先行词为时间名词时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是when。 I still remember the day that / which is his birthday.Next month,
11、you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner. There are occasions joking is not permissible.I still remember the days we lived together.I still remember the days we spent together. 四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1)限制性定语从句是对先行词作修饰或限制，缺少从句时句子意义不完整或失去意义。主从句关系十分密切，所以书写时不用逗号分开。 He is the man who came to se
12、e you yesterday.2)非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加说明，主从句关系不十分密切，所以从句和主句之间多用逗号分开，若去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。一般用which引导，不用that。 My brother, who is in Beijing, will come to see me.（非限制性） The book that/which you are reading is mine.（限制性）五、关系代词as引导的定语从句1)引导限制性定语从句时用于固定搭配：as/so/such/ the same+先行词+as从句 You can wait for me at the s
13、ame place as we did. Beijing is not the same (city) as it used to be.注意 the samethat从句：表示同一人或物 the same as从句：表示相似的人或物 This is the same knife that I lost .这是我弄丢的那把刀。 This is the same knife as I lost.这把刀与我弄丢的那把刀一样。注意such as定语从句：“像那样”such .that.状语从句：“如此以致于” We need such material as is being used in you
14、r factory.（定语从句） This is such an easy question as I can answer.（定语从句） This is such an easy question that I can answer it.（状语从句）2) as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别与which引导非限制性定语从句相比：as的先行词一般不是一个单词，常是整个主句或短语；which的先行词可以是一个单词或整个主句；as通常含有“正如.那样”的意思，而which没有；as从句可放在句首/中/尾，而which从句不能放在句首；as在从句中作主语时谓语中一般必须含be动词，which
15、没有此限制。which从句可表由主句带来的结果，as从句不能。如：As we have seen, the earth is round. /As we know, Tai Wan belongs to China.As is reported, many people were killed in the accident.The earth is round, as we all know.正如大家所知,地球是圆的。The earth is round, which we all know.地球是圆的,这是众所周知的。He went abroard, which made his wife
16、 feel lonely.他出了国,这让他的妻子感到很孤独。（主句和从句有因果关系）常见由as引出的类似于插入语的定语从句：as anybody can see, as we all know, as we had expected, as is known to all, as is well known, as has been said before, as often happens, as is reported /said / believed, as is natural, as is (often)the case等。3)主句是否定句，as引导非限制性定语从句放在句中或句末，a
17、s不包含主句的否定含义。 Greenland was not a continent, as people thought. 格陵兰并不像人们所想象的那样是一个大陆。The facts of science are not, as some think, dry and lifeless.科学事实并不像有些人所想象的那样枯燥无味和无生命力。 世上没有不热爱自己孩子的母亲。七、使用定语从句应注意的几个问题1)当先行词是way,表示方式方法时，引导词可用in which或that，并且that可省略。 This is the way in which / (that) I study Englis
18、h.1,The way _ _he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 2,The way _ _he explained to us was quite simple.3,What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which2)注意区别先行词,引导词。 Is this +名词the one that 从句 Is this th
19、e名词+ that从句 Is this school the one that you visited? / where you study? Is this the school that you visited? / where you study?3)注意区别定语从句和强调句式。 It is +名词that（which.）(定从) It is +介词 +名词that从句（强调句） It is the place（that / which）he was born in. (定从) It is the place where / in which he was born. (定从) It i
20、s in the place that he was born.（强调句）强调句去掉It is/was. that后句子成立,that在句中不充当成分。八、关系代词that与which的用法区别1)一般只用that不用which情况先行词是不定代词all, any, little,few, some, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one,等。 Is there anything（that）I can do for you? All that they said is true.先行词被不定代词next, a
21、ll, no, little, few, any等词修饰时只能用that。先行词被具唯一性的only, the very/right, just the, last等词修饰时，只能用that。The only thing that I can do for you is to lend you some money.This is the very book that Im looking for.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时，只能用that。 He was the first (person) that passed the exam. He brought two cats yesterd
22、ay. Now I can see the two that are playing in the garden.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。 This is the best film that I have ever seen.先行词既有人又有物只用that。 The film star and her film that you have just talked about are really well-known.如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词用which，另一个则用that以避免重复。 He built up a factory which produced t
23、hings that had never been seen before.主句是there be, here be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句常用that引导。There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank.主句主语是who,which等疑问词，为避免wh-词重复只用that。含多个定语从句时，要尽量避免which和that复用。2）定语从句中只用which而不用that情况当关系代词前有介词时：This is the house of which the windows face south.引导非限制性定语从句只用which。which可
24、代表先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”。Tom came back, which made us happy.His dog, which was very old, became ill.先行词是that, those且指物时，关系词用which。Whats that which was bright in the car?一个句子两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.九、定语从句中用who而
25、不用that情况1)先行词是明确指人的those, one, ones, anyone, people, all时，关系词用who。 Those who want to take part in the party should sign your name here. Anyone who didnt come must be punished.2)在there be结构中,主语是人,先行词只用who, whom。 There is a person who wants to see you.3)有多个定语从句时，为避免重复，who, that交替使用。 The teacher that w
26、as praised at yesterdays meeting who is our English teacher will go to Beijing tomorrow.4)间隔性定语从句（先行词后有定语或其他成分)为避免歧义，关系词用who指人。 He was the only one in the office who was invited to the ball.5)当先行词为人称代词时。 He who doesnt make mistakes makes nothing.注意 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复形式根据先行词来确定，即先行词为单数，从句谓语动词为单数；
27、先行词为复数，从句谓语动词为复数。 I who am a student must study hard. He is one of the students who ware late for school. He is the only one of the students who was late for school.十、关系代词前带介词的定语从句 关系代词which，whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句常由“介词+ which（或whom,不能用that）”引出，即介词提前。若介词与定语从句中的动词等为固定习语，介词提前后习语含义会发生变化，介词就不能提前。 Great cha
28、nges are taking place in the city in which they live. 他们所居住的城市正在发生着巨大的变化。 The film of which Im speaking is to be shown at the Peoples Cinema next week. 我正在谈到的这部电影下星期在人民电影院上映。 This is the teacher from whom weve learnt a lot. 这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师。 The policeman with whom Mr. Henry is talking in the of
29、fice is a friend of mine.正在办公室与亨利先生谈话的那位警察是我的一位朋友。这类从句中的介词也可放在从句的末尾，这时关系代词可以省略也可用that。 The man (whom / that)we sent the present to is a doctor of law. 我们寄给他礼物的那个人是一位法学博士。定语从句也可以由“名词（代词或数词）+介词+ which / whom”引出。（此情况下，介词短语有时可前置）。The house, the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired.窗子遭破坏的那
30、幢房子现在已经修缮好了。We have two spare rooms upstairs, neither of which has been much used in the past two years.我们楼上有两间空房，过去两年内都没怎么用。He has three sons, two of whom work in Dalian.他有三个儿子，其中两个在大连工作。(1) 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配The documents which they were searching have been recovered. American women usually identify t
31、heir best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom (2) 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配 He referred me to some reference books which I am not very familiar. 2. 考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯 这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。如：Ill never forget the day which she said goodbye to me.The English play _ my
32、 students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 3，考查根据句意确定介词Tom, whom the window was broken, has been criticized by his teacher.I am looking for my glasses, which I cant watch TV clearly.In the office, I never seem to have time until after
33、 5:30 p.m. _ time many people have gone home. A. whose B. that C. on which D. by which 十一、特殊先行词stage, point, situation, position, spot, site, condition, occasion, activity等表示抽象概念的“场合、地步、进程、方面、境地”等“模糊地点”，关系词常用where. I have come to the point where I cant stand her arguing any longer. Geneva has been t
34、he stage where many such conferences are held. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.常见问题聚焦对于该部分内容，学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：I. 定语从句意识缺失。1. 关系代词被普通代词取代，如： I have many collections of stamps, some of them are my favorite. (误) I have many collectio
35、ns of stamps, some of which are my favorite. (正)2. 关系代词遗漏，如： The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows. (误) The last one who leaves the classroom please close the windows. (正)句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。II. 假冒伪劣的定语从句1. 有从无主式，如： My friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates.
36、 (误) My friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates, has a variety of hobbies. (正)句虎头蛇尾，属有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。句则是一个完整的句子。2. 从句成分残缺式，如： Those who against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city. (误) Those who are against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos o
37、ut of the city (正)句定语从句的谓语不完整。介词against不能单独作谓语。3. 画蛇添足式 As can be seen from the picture, that a sad boy stands between his angry parents. (误) As can be seen from the picture, a man who is talking happily. (误) I have many collections of stamps, and some of which are my favorite. (误)句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主
38、句，主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉that。句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。十二【真题】1. That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.A. that B. which C. what D. when2. When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
39、A. that B. which C. where D. when 3. Have you sent thankyou notes to the relatives from _ _ you received gifts? A. which B. them C. that D. whom4. I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _help I would never have got this far.A. who B. whose C. whom D. which5. After the flooding, people were sufferi
40、ng in that area, _ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A. which B. who C. where D. what6. A lot of language learning, _ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A. as B. it C. which D. this
41、7. Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered. A. whatB. in whatC. which D. in which8. The air quality in the city, _ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.A. thatB. itC. as D. what9. It is the third time that she has won the r
42、ace, _ has surprised us all.A. that B. whereC. which D. what10. Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series. A. them B. that C. which D. what11. Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as importance as sales skills.A. which B. that C. when D. wh
43、ere 12. In our class there are 46 students, _ half wear glasses.A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them13. By 16:30, was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.A. which BwhenCwhat Dthat14. We live in an age_ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. whyB. when C. to whomD. on which