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1、Grammar Shirley,What kind of noun clauses are they?,1. What it was to become was a mystery. 2. I dont know who will help Henry to win the bet. 3. His trouble is that he doesnt know anybody in London. 4. The fact that ships can go there surprises many people.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,brainstorming (2m),名
2、词性从句 相当于一个名词作用的从句称作名词性从句，名词性从句常在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。如： 1. What it was to become was a mystery. 2. I dont know who will help Henry to win the bet. 3. His trouble is that he doesnt know anybody in London. 4. The fact that ships can go there surprises many people.,noun clauses,subjective clause 主语从句,obje
3、ctive clause 宾语从句,predicative clause 表语从句,appositive clause 同位语从句,主语从句： 做主语用的名词性从句，引导主语从句的有连词that ，whether， 连接代词who ，what ，which， 连接副词when，where， how， why等。 位置： 1) 位于句首 2) 位于句尾，使用it做形式主语，而把主从放在句末(注意：形式主语只能用it,不能使用thisthat) 常用下面几种句型： 1）It + be + 表语 （n./adj./done.）+that从句 It is a fact (a shame/ pity/
4、good news/ impossible/likely) that/whether Its a pity that you have to go so soon. It is still uncertain whether he is coming or not.,2）It + vi. + that从句 It seemed (happened, doesnt matter, has turned out) that It seemed certain that he would win the prize. It happens that they were absent. 3) It +
5、be done + that从句 It is known/said/hoped/believed It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays. Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time? A. this B. that C. he D. it,连接词： 1） 区分 that 与 whether ( if ) that 引导主从只起引导作用，无实际意义，在主从中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。 That she left him cut him to the h
6、eart. whether(if)尽管不充当句子成分,但有”是否”意思,可加上”or not”,语意不变.但whether和if也有不同用法,如放在句首引导主从,只能用whether. Whether it will please them is not easy to say.,e.g. _ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from on aspect. What B. That C. This D. Which _ well go camping tomorrow de
7、pends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where,It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较,It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。 而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。 例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morn
8、ing that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.,连接代词who(m), whose, what ,which, when, where, why, how这类连接词,除了引导主从外,在从句中还分别起pron/adv./adj.的作用,在从句中分别做主语宾语表语状语 What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others. 高考题: _ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B.
9、That C. How D. Where I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _ it was? A. where B. what C. how D. which,3) whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever, whenever, wherever等连接词与what等连接词的用法一样,只是具有较强的语意,”凡是,不管,无论” , 引导的主语从句一般不后置。 Whatever he said wasnt true. Whoever guesses what I have in my ha
10、nd may have it. = Anyone who guesses = The person who guesses However _ he couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer teenagers showed interest in traditional festivals. A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that,宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。 做动词的宾语 1)大部分宾语从句直接跟在动词后： He d
11、oesnt know where the post office is. 2) 引导宾语从句的连接词一般都可以省去.但是当及物动词后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句是,只有第一个that可以省略. The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.,二宾语从句 The Object Clause,3)如果后有宾语补足语，则要使用形式宾语 it 而将从句放到补足语后面； I thought it strange that he failed to call me He doe
12、snt want it to be known that he is going aboard. 4)在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词之后的宾语从句中，要注意否定前移; I dont think you are right 5) 在think，believe，imagine，suppose，guess，hope等动词以及 Im afraid 等后，可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，还可用not代替一个否定的宾语从句： 一Do you believe it will clear up? 一I believe so. / I dont believe so. /
13、I believe not.,6) “doubt”后接宾从,肯定句时由whether/if引导,否定句或疑问句由that引导 I whether/if he will come. I dont that he will come. Do you that he will come? 7) whether和if 都可引导动词之后的宾从,二者可互换.但在正式文体中,从句有or not时,只用whether,不用if. I wonder if/whether it is right. I dont care whether you like him or not.,做介词的宾语 Did she sa
14、y anything about how we should do the work? 1)作介词宾语时，that很少在介词后面引导宾从，只有在except, but, besides, in等少数介词后才用; Your article is all right except that it is too long 2)有时在介词和其宾语从句的中间加形式宾语it; e.g. Ill see to it that everything is ready 3)表示“是否”的if不能引导介词的宾语从句，而要用whether. e.g. We are talking about whether you
15、 should do it.,The Predicative Clause 表语从句在从句中作表语的从句称作表语从句。 that 引导的表语从句 that 仅起连接作用，无意义，不作任何成分，通常不可省略。这种从句往往是对主句主语的内容起进一步解释的作用。 e.g. The fact is that one smoker in five will die from smoking. 2. whether 引导的表语从句 连接词whether起连接作用， 意为“是否、究竟、到底”（注意：if不能引导表语从句) 在句中也不作任何成分。 e.g. The question is whether th
16、e man will turn up in time.,3. what, which, who, whom, whose引导的表语从句 连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中从当主语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。 e.g. Tom is no longer what he used to be. The question is which of us should come first. The problem is who is really fit for the hard job. The important thing i
17、s whose name should be put on the top of the list.,4. where, when, why, how引导的表语从句 连接副词where, when, why, how在句中通常没有疑问意义，而是在句中起连接作用并分别表示时间、地点、原因或方式。 e.g. Thats where I cant agree with you. This is why Sara was late for the meeting. This is how they overcome the difficulties. My strongest memory is wh
18、en I attended an American wedding.,5. 其他连词as if, because, as, as though 引导的表语从句 because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is because”结构中。 as if/though引导的表语从句常置于连系动词look, seem, sound, be, become等后面，常用虚拟语气，表示不存在的动作或状态。 e.g. My anger is because you havent written to me for a long time. It sounds as if/though som
19、ebody was knocking at the door.,同位语从句,1. 概念: 在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 2. 功能: 同位语从句跟在一个n.后，对其进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。,3. 用法: 常跟的抽象名词有: fact/ feeling/ idea/ reason/ thought/ truth/ order/ suggestion/ doubt/ news/ word/ possibility/ promise/ hope/ belief e.g. The fact that ships can go there surprises many people.
20、I have no idea when he will be back. 4. 连词 that/whether/who/ which/ what /when /where/why/ how 同位语从句与先行词有时也可以分开。 e.g. Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind.,同位语从句与定语从句区别:,1. 同位语从句的先行词极为有限，而定语从句的先行词则不计其数，可以是名词,代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句。 2.引导词 a.有些引导词如how, whether, what 可以引导同位语从句, 但不能引导定语从句。 e.
21、g. That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。 (同位语从句),b. that在同从中仅起连接作用, 不充当任何成分, 并且不能省略, 也不能用which来代替. 而引导定从的that在从句中一般作主语或宾语 (指物时还可以用which代替), 并且作宾语时常常省略。 e.g.The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. (同位语从句, 是对orde
22、r的具体解释, that不作成分, 但不能省略) The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组 (定语从句, 是名词order的修饰语, that在从句中作received的宾语, 可以省略),c. 引导同位语从句的wh-词，多具有疑问意义，而引导定语从句的wh-词没有疑问意义。 e.g. I have no idea where he has gone. This is the sch
23、ool where I studied.,3.性质上的区别 同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴;而定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴. The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 (同位语从句, 补充说明news到底是一个什么消息) The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。 (定语从句, news在从句中作told的宾语),1.I have always been
24、 honest and straightforward, and it doesnt matter _that Im talking to.(2004年广东省卷 ) A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom,高考链接,【试析】这个句子是一个由and连接的并列句。And后是一个含有主语从句的结构，其主句部分是it doesnt matter, 主语从句则是who it is that Im talking to.而在主语从句中，又有一个定语从句，修饰who. Who既是一个引导词，也在it is中作表语.如果再细一点，说who是 (
25、talking) to的介词宾语也可以。,2. It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. (2003上海) A. that B. when C. what D. how,【试析】主语从句中缺少做主语的成分，故选C.,3. _ made the school proud was_ more than 90 of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春季） A.
26、 What; because B. What ; that C. That ; what D. That ; because,【试析】what 在此作连接代词，引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。that引导主语从句时，只起引导作用，不作任何成分.,4.When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly_ he wants . (2002上海春季) A.what B.which C.when D.that,【试析】这是一个宾语从句,
27、wants后面缺少宾语,Always give the monkey exactly what he wants是一句谚语,意思是永远给予他人他确实想要的东西。故答案为A。,5.-Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? -Oh, thats_ . (2003北京春季) A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited,【试析】这是由what 引导的一个表语从句，在从句中充当主语，这句话的意思为：那是使我感到兴奋的事。故答案为A。,