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1、A Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,Australia,Chapter 15Geography and History,英语国家概况,Think and Talk,Lead-in,Early History Discovery and Exploration European Settlement Colonization The Road Toward Federation Australia Since the 20th Century,History,Exercises,Location and Size Geographical R
2、egions Climate Major Cities,Geography,Exercises,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,What do you know about Australia,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,?,Capital:,Official language:,In which city were the 2000th Olympic Games held?,Canberra,English,Sydney,Kangaroo,Sichuan University
3、 of Science & Engineering,Koala,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Emu (鸸鹋),Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Duckmole (鸭嘴兽),Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,National Flower?,Sweet acacia or golden acacia,Sichuan University of
4、 Science & Engineering,National Tree?,Eucalypt or Gum trees,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,National Flag?,The heptagonal star: six states and one territory The five stars: the Southern Cross constellation (南十字星座),Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Sichuan University of Science
5、& Engineering,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,The sixth largest country in the world,Located in Oceania, the Southern Hemisphere,Completely surrounded by water:,Lying between the Indian and Pacific Oceans,North: the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Torres Strait,East: the Coral Sea, th
6、e Tasman Sea,South: the Bass Strait, the Indian Ocean,West: the Indian Ocean,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Australia is one of the oldest continents and the flattest landmass on earth. It can be divided into three geographical regions:,the Ea
7、stern Highlands,the Central Lowlands,the Western Plateau,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Mount Kosciuszko (科修斯科山),Southwest in Canberra of New South Wales,The highest point in Australia and Oceania,2,228 meters above sea level,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Murray-Darling Ba
8、sin (墨累达令流域),3,370 kilometers long, watershed covers one 7th of the land area of Australia, is Australias most important agricultural area. The name of this river basin is from the basins two major rivers, the Murray and Darling rivers.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Lake Eyre (艾尔湖),The
9、 lowest point in the country,Some 15 meters below sea level,Southern Hemisphere,Vary greatly from region to region,January and February are the hottest summer months.,June and July are the coldest winter months.,Tropical areahot all year without winter,Temperate regions of the south: enjoy a moderat
10、e climate, with hot summers and mild winters,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Australia is widely known as “the Dry Continent” due to its low rainfall. The aridity of Australia stems from its proximity to the equator.,The coldest areas are the highlands and plateaus of Tasmania and the so
11、utheastern portion of the mainland.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,The hot and dry conditions of Australia bring about recurring droughts across the country. The 1895 to 1903 drought is considered Australias worst draught in terms of severity and scale.,堪培拉,the capital city of Australia
12、,located in the Australian Capital Territory,The name “Canberra” means “meeting place” in the Aboriginal language.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Canberra ?,Canberra houses many breathtaking landmarks and heritage buildings, such as Parliament House, the High Court of Australia and the
13、National Museum of Australia.,悉尼,the capital city of New South Wales,Australias largest and oldest city,home to a great deal of Australias historic sites, wildlife parks, great beaches, waterways and national parks.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Sydney ?,墨尔本,Australias second largest c
14、ity,the capital city of Victorian,It is notable for its distinct blend of Victorian and contemporary architecture, extensive tram network, etc.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Melbourne ?,Since 2002, it has been consistently ranked among the Worlds Most Livable Cities by The Economist.,布
15、里斯班,the third largest city in Australia,the capital of Queensland, situated in the southeast of the province,about one hours drive from the Gold Coast, a famous tourist attraction in Australia,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Brisbane?,珀斯,the fourth largest city in the country,the capital
16、 of Western Australia,the largest city in Western Australia,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Perth?,阿德莱德,The city has well established itself as a center for festivals as well as German cultural influences.,the capital of South Australia,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Adelaid
17、e?,达尔文,the capital of the Northern Territory,the only large city in northern Australia,a booming tourist destination and an important military base,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Darwin?,The Aboriginal people lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic life.,The Aborigines were the first inhabitant
18、s of Australia. Most anthropologists believe they migrated from Asia between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,The Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool and they had a unique relationsh
19、ip with the environment, their religious beliefs were firmly linked to the land and those living things.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,In 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula. (约克角半岛),During the 17th
20、century, the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastlines of what they named New Holland.,In 1642, Abel Tasman sailed into the waters of southern Australia, discovering and naming the island Tasmania after himself.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,In 1770, the English
21、captain James Cook sailed along the fertile eastern coast of Australia, and named the coast New South Wales and formally claimed it for Britain.,But with the increasing knowledge of the continent, no further detailed exploration.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Causes: The Industrial Rev
22、olution transformed the country from a largely rural society almost entirely dependent on agriculture to a town-centered one engaged increasingly in commercial manufacturing. However, the rapid population growth in London and other areas brought about various social problems.,The rising crime rate c
23、ompelled Britain to find somewhere to house the population of its overcrowded prisons.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Penal Settlements:,1783: The American Revolution ended and Australia was established as a new penal settlement at Botany Bay in Australia.,Difficulty :,Initial failures
24、in farming,Solution:,Captain John Macarthur began breeding fine merino sheep for their wool.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,In May, 1787, the First Fleet of 11 ships under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip sailed from Portsmouth, Britain, for Australia. They arrived in Sydney on Jan
25、uary 26,1788, a date now celebrated as Australia Day. Here, Phillip established Britains first permanent colony.,First permanent colony：,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,In the following decades, more convicts were transported to the continent and new colonies were established, including
26、Hobart (霍巴特) in Tasmania, Brisbane at Moreton Bay (莫顿湾) and Albany (奥尔巴尼) in Western Australia.,New colonies:,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,From the 1820s to the 1880s, Australia underwent major processes that laid the foundation of its present society. Among these were the establishme
27、nt of new colonies along the eastern coast, the expansion of sheep and cattle raising in the interior and the discovery of gold and other minerals in the eastern colonies.,New colonies: New South Wales (1788), Tasmania (1852), Western Australia (1829), South Australia (1836), Victoria (1851), Queens
28、land (1859),Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Growth of sheep grazing: Both farming and mining industries underwent rapid development. Large-scale grazing also developed in the 1830s and 1840s when new settlers established huge sheep runs.,Gold rush: Due to the gold rush, which made a dram
29、atic contribution to the growth of the economy, the population expanded rapidly.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,The federation of the six colonies was achieved after several national conventions and a series of compromises and referenda.,The idea of federation was proposed by Earl Grey,
30、 Britains colonial secretary, as early as in 1847.,In 1901, the six colonies of Australia adopted a federal Constitution and the Commonwealth of Australia was established.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,“White Australia Policy”,In 1901, the six colonies of Australia adopted a federal co
31、nstitution and became a self-governing dominion of British Empire.,In 1901, the Immigration Restriction Act was passed to restrict non-European immigrants.,The Immigration Restriction Act was dismantled after World War II. Today Australia has a global, non-discriminatory policy and is home to people
32、 from more than 200 countries.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,“WWI”:,Australia followed Britain into the war in August,1914.,During the war, the Australian troops, joined by the New Zealand forces, were called the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) (澳新军团).,ANZAC Day (April 2
33、5) is one of Australias most important national holidays to honor all those Australians who died in military conflicts.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,“WWI”:,Benefits:,Agriculture and mining industries were booming.,It experienced rapid industrial growth in the years following the war.,
34、Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Interwar years: The Great Depression,In 1923, economic development plan: “men, money and markets”,The Great Depression of the 1930s,Main external causes: the collapse of wool and wheat prices and cessation of overseas loans,Internal factors, including an e
35、xisting recession and drought, exacerbated the situation.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,“WWII”:,Australia followed Britain into the war in September,1939.,On February 19, 1942, the Japanese launched air raids on Darwin. In May and June, the Japanese attacked Sydney Harbor and Newcastle
36、, causing some casualties and property damage.,With the beginning of the Pacific War, Australia developed a foreign policy independent of Britain for the first time.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,“WWII”:,The beginning of a profound shift in Australias allegiance away from Britain towar
37、d the U.S.the United States helped protect Australia from the Japanese in the Battle of the Coral Sea.,With the end of the war, Australia entered a boom period.,Australian servicemen made significant contributions to the Allied victory.,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Postwar peace & pro
38、sperity:,The lucky country:,In 1960s, the “baby boomers” emerged as an active force and made it a period of chance for Australia,Racial issueslaunched a campaign against the White Australia Policy,almost 100% employment rate launched a massive immigration program,Sichuan University of Science & Engi
39、neering,The Development:,In Sep. 1951ANZUS Treaty,1983-1996, the Australian Labor government under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating,In 1996, the Howard government,In 1972, The Whitlam government,In Nov. 1999a public referendum,The Sydney Olympic Games & the Sydney Paralympic Games,Sichuan University of Sc
40、ience & Engineering,I. Read the following statement and decide whether they are true (T) or false (F).,In terms of landmass, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. 2. The name “Sydney” means “meeting place” in the Aboriginal language. 3. The first documented European expedition to Aust
41、ralia was made by Abel Tasman. 4. Australia Day is on January 26, which originates from the establishment of the first British colony on this day in 1788.,T,F,F,T,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,I. Read the following statement and decide whether they are true (T) or false (F).,5. There w
42、as a period of great economic expansion in Australia following the gold rush in the 1850s. 6. The purpose of the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901 was to restrict European immigrant numbers.,T,F,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,I. Read the following statement and decide whether they are
43、 true (T) or false (F).,7. The economy in Australia developed rapidly by means of the policy of “men, money and markets” in the 1920s. 8. It was Britain that helped protect Australia from the Japanese in the Battle of the Coral Sea during World War .,T,F,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,I
44、I. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.,1. _ is the lowest point in Australia. A. Lake Eyre B. The Great Artesian Basin C. Mount Kosciuszko D. The Great Victoria Desert 2. _ is Australias capital. A. Sydney B. Melbourne C. Brisbane D. Canberra 3. Britains first perman
45、ent colony was founded in _ . A.1606 B.1770 C.1787 D.1788,A,D,D,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,II. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.,4.The Commonwealth of Australia was established in _ . A.1847 B.1885 C.1900 D.1901 5.The movement to gain recognition o
46、f Aboriginal rights was started in the _ . A.1950s B.1960s C.1970s D.1980s 6.Australia completely abolished the White Australia Policy during the government of _ . A. Earle Page B. Gough Whitlam C. Joseph Lyons D. Stanley Bruce,D,B,B,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,II. Choose the best an
47、swer to complete each of the following statements.,7.The following were all aspects of the economic reforms which took place between 1983 and 1996 EXCEPT _ . A. enlarging the scale of the mining industry B. deregulating the financial market C. reducing tariffs D. privatizing the state-owned enterpri
48、ses,A,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,II. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.,8.The Howard governments foreign policies were based on relations with four key countries, namely, _ . A. the U.S., Japan, Britain, China B. the U.S., Japan, China, Indonesia C.
49、 the U.S., Japan, Britain, China D. the U.S., Britain, China, China,B,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,III. Give brief answers to the following questions.,1. Why did the six colonies want the country unified at the end of the 19th century?,At the end of the 19th century, the six colonies found that the separation of governments and markets had restricted their development. They also realized that they needed to pursue uniform immigration rules in order to keep the unwanted immigrants out. Moreover,