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1、.Hunan is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called Xiang for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province.Hunan borders Hubei in the north, Jiangxi t
2、o the east, Guangdong to the south, Guangxi to the southwest, Guizhou to the west, and Chongqing to the northwest. It s capital is Changsha.HistoryHunan entered the written history of China around 350 BC, when under the kings of the Zhou dynasty it became part of the State of Chu. Until then Hunanwa
3、s a land of primeval （ pra ?mi:v ?l，原始的） forests, occupied by theancestors （? nsist ?，祖先, 祖宗） of the modern Miao, Tujia, Dong and Yaopeoples, but starting at this time and for hundreds of years thereafter （此后，在那之后）it was a magnet （有吸引力的人或物） for migration （ma?gre?n，迁移，迁居，迁徙） of Han Chinese from the n
4、orth, who cleared most of the forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains. To this day, many of the small villages in Hunan are named after the Han families which originally（ ?r?d?n?li: ，起初，原来） settled there. Migration from the north wasespecially prevalent （ prev ?l?nt，普遍的 , 盛行的 , 流行的）
5、 during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties Periods, when nomadic（ n? ?m? d?k，游牧的，流浪的） invaders overran（占领，侵害） the north.During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu.Hunan, was, together with Hubei, a part of the
6、province of Huguang till the Qing dynasty.Hunan became an important communications center from its position on the Yangzi River (Changjiang) and on the Imperial （ impi?ri?l，帝国的 , 帝王的） Highway constructed between northern and southern China. Its land producedgrain so abundantly （?b?nd?ntl?） that it f
7、ed many parts of China with itssurpluses （s?:pl ?s，过剩的） . The population continued to climb until, by thenineteenth century, Hunan was overcrowded and prone （pr?un ）to（倾于） peasant （pez ?nt，农民，农夫） uprisings （起义，暴动） .;.The Taiping Rebellion （ribeli ?n ） which began to the south in Guangxi Province in
8、1850 spread into Hunan and then further eastward along theYangzi River valley, but ultimately （ ?lt?m?tli，最后，最终） it was a Hunanesearmy under Zeng Guofan which marched to Nanjing and put down the uprising in 1864.Hunan was relatively（相对来说） quiet until 1910 when there were uprisingsagainst the crumbli
9、ng（ kr?mbl ，衰落 , 崩溃） Qing dynasty, which werefollowed by the Communists （?k?mjunist ） Autumn Harvest Uprising of 1927led by Hunanese native Mao Zedong, which established a short-lived Hunan soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained a guerilla army in the mountains along the Hunan-Jiangxi border unti
10、l 1934, when under pressure from the Nationalist (Kuomintang, KMT) forces they began the famous Long March to bases in Shaanxi Province. After the departure of the Communists, the KMT army fought against the Japanese in the second Sino-Japanese war, defending the capital Changsha until it fell in 19
11、44, when Japan launched Operation Ichigo to control the railroad from Wuchang to Guangzhou (Yuehan Railway). Hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, and in 1949 the Communists returned once more as the Nationalists retreated southward.Being M
12、ao Zedongs home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976, and was slower than most provinces in adopting the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping in the years that followed Maos death in 1976.Former Chinese Premier（premi ?，总理，首相）Zhu Rongji is also Hunanese.Hunans climate is sub
13、tropical （s?b?tr?p?k?l，亚热带的）, with mild winters andplenty of precipitation （ pr ?,s?p?te?n，降雨）. January temperatures average3 to 8 C（degree ） while July temperatures average around 27 to 30 C. Average annual precipitation is 1200 to 1700 mm （millimetre ）.Economy;.Hunans traditional crop is rice. The
14、 Lake Dongting area is an important center of ramie （ r? mi ，苎麻）production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation.The Lengshuijiang area is noted for its stibnite （ stibnait ，辉锑矿） mines, and is one of the major centers of antimony extraction in China.Its nominal （名义上的） GDP for 200
15、4 was 561.2 billion yuan . In 2004, its per capita GDP was 8,423 yuan.Of course, you must be very interested in Hunan Toutism， but time is limited,so I can just tell you some places which you can go to have a look. 5 stars areZhangjiajie ，Hengshan Mountain, the provincial museum, ancient city ofFeng
16、huang （5 星级的张家界 南岳衡山省博物馆凤凰古城） . 4 stars areYueyang Tower, Junshan Island, Yuelu Hill, Orange Island, Wulingyuan,Meishan Long Gong, Bo-dong, Langshan, Shaoshan, Huaminglou（4 星级的岳阳楼 君山岛 岳麓山 橘子洲 武陵源 梅山龙宫 波月洞 崀山 韶山 花明楼） . 3 star has Shundi Ling, Emperor Yan, the East River reservoirs, ancientcommercial city, Zhijiang War Memorial, Shek Mun Shan folder（3 星级的舜帝陵 炎帝陵 东江水库洪江古商城芷江抗战纪念碑石门夹山）.That sall, thank you for your listening.;.