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1、.1996 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IICloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Vitamins ar
2、e organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy,41do they construct or build any part of the body. Theyare needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of
3、 them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .Vitaminsare similarbecause they are made of the same elements - usually carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and45nitrogen.They are different46theirelements arearranged differently, and each vitamin47one or more specific functions in the body.48enough v
4、itamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for49vitamins. Many people,50, believe in being on the “ safeside ”and thus take extravitamins. However, a well- balanced diet will usually meet all the body s vitamin needs.41.A eitherB soC norD never42.A shiftingB transferringC
5、 alteringD transforming43.A anyB someC anythingD something44.A seriousB apparentC severeD fatal45.A mostlyB partiallyC sometimesD rarely46.A in thatB so thatC such thatD except that47.A undertakesB holdsC playsD performs48.A SupplyingB GettingC ProvidingD Furnishing49.A exceptionalB exceedingC exces
6、sD external50.A neverthelessB thereforeC moreoverD meanwhileSection IIIReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questi
7、ons. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Tight- lipped elders used to say,“ It s not what you want in this world, but what you get.Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and
8、 want the;.right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, andeach of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which f
9、ood to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account ofyourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can int
10、elligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in fillingout standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal in
11、terviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and otherqualifications, will pay him to employ you and your“ wares ” and abilities must be displayed inan orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint
12、of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certai
13、n amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.51.What do the elders mean when they say,“ It s not what youworld,wantbutinwhatthis youget. ”?A You ll certainly get what you want.B It s no use dreaming.C You should be dissatisfied with
14、what you have.D It s essential to set a goal for yourself.52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as _.A an illustration of how to write an application for a jobB an indication of how to secure a good jobC a guideline for job descriptionD a principle for job e
15、valuation53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because _.A that is the first step to please the employerB that is the requirement of the employerC it enables him to know when to sell his servicesD it forces him to become clearly aware of him
16、self54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you havesomething _.A definite to offerB imaginary to provideC practical to supplyD desirable to present;.Text 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and Americacan now watch the
17、 Corporation s news coverage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels,five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport,comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, relig
18、ion,parliamentary coverage,children s programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years - yet the BBC s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least forthe time
19、being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC - including ordinary listeners and viewers - to say what was good or bad about theCorporation, and even w
20、hether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC s royal charter runs out996in1 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders ofthe Corporation - of whomthere are many- are fondof quoting theAmerican slogan“ If it ain t
21、 broke, don t fix it.” The BBC“ ainhichtheybroke,mean itis not broken (as distinctfrom the word broke meaning,having no money), so whybother to change it?Yet the BBC willhave to change, because the broadcasting worldaround it is changing. Thecommercial TV channelsITV and Channel 4 -were required by
22、the Thatcher GovernmentBroadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, andcuttingcosts andjobs. But it isthe arrival ofnew satellite channels - funded partly byadvertising and partly by viewers subscriptions-which will bring about the biggest changes inthe long
23、 term.55. The world famous BBC now faces _.A the problem of new coverageB an uncertain prospectC inquiries by the general publicD shrinkage of audience56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?A Extension of its TV service to Far East.B Programmes as
24、the subject of a nation-wide debate.C Potentials for further international cooperations.D Its existence as a broadcasting organization.57.The BBC s “ royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for _.A the financial support from the royal familyB the privileges granted by the QueenC a contract with
25、the QueenD a unique relationship with the royal family58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than _.” they say, by s;.A the emergence of commercial TV channelsB the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the governmentC the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobsD the c
26、hallenge of new satellite channelsText 3In the last halfof the nineteenth century “ capital and” “ labour were”enlarging andperfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limitedliabilitycompanywith a bureaucracy ofsalaried managers. The change met thetechni
27、calrequirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the declinein efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firmsin the second and thirdgeneration after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative,towards collectiv
28、ismand municipaland state-owned business. The railwaycompanies, thoughstill private business managed forthe benefit of shareholders, wereveryunlike old familybusiness. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, tramsand other services to the taxpayers.Thegrowtho
29、fthe limitedliabilitycompany and municipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased thenumbersand importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representingirresponsible wealth detached from the land and the d
30、uties of the landowners; and almost equallydetached from the responsible management of business. Allthroughthe nineteenth century,America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital,and British shareh olders were thus enriched by the world s movement towards
31、 industrialization.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large“classescomfortablewho”had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that ofdrawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders tothe m
32、anagement. On the other hand“ shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was usedby many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “ shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmenemployed by the company in which he held shar
33、es, and his influence on the relations of capitaland labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relationwith the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of theworkmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarch
34、al system of the old familybusiness now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers ofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuch personalrelationsimpossible. Fortunately,however,theincreasingpower and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen tomeet
35、on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline ofthe strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other s strength and understand tvalue of fair negotiation.59. It s true of the old family firms that _.A they were spoiled by the younger generationsB
36、 they failed for lack of individual initiative;.C they lacked efficiency compared with modern companiesD they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in _.A the separation of capital from managementB the ownership of capital by managersC
37、the emergence of capital and labour as two classesD the participation of shareholders in municipal business61. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT that _.A the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB the old firm owners had a better understanding of their wo
38、rkersC the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyD the trade unions seemed to play a positive role62. The author is most critical of _.A family film ownersB landownersC managersD shareholdersText 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America - breakth
39、roughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countryexcells ent elementaryschools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums toinventors; and above all the American genius for nonverba
40、l, “ spatial thinking”about thingstechnological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute
41、foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported,“ With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly intothe skilled workman.”A further stimulus to i
42、nvention came from the “ premium ”system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and a
43、t the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal
44、 thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “ A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.The designer and the inventor. are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices thatas yet do not exist.”This nonverbal “ spatial thinking” can be just as creative as painting and writing.Robert;.Fulton once wrote,“ Th