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1、.2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the followingtext.Choose the best word(s)foreach numbered blankand mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its na
2、me. ButGregory Cochran is大1家 to say it anyway. He is that大2家 bird, ascientist who works independently大 3家any institution. He helpedpopularize the idea that some diseases notbacterial cause were actually infections, when it was first suggested.大 4家 thought to have a which aroused muchcontroversy大 5家
3、he, however,might tremble at the大 6家 ofwhat he isaboutto do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paperwhich not only大7家 that one group of humanity is more intelligentthan the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in大 8家 are a particular people or
4、iginated from centralEurope. The process is natural selection.Thisgroup generally do well inIQ test,大9家 12-15 points abovethe 大10家valueof100, andhave contributed大 11家 totheintellectual and cultural life of the West, as the大12家 of theirelites,includingseveral world-renownedscientists,大 13家 . Theyalso
5、 suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty geneticdiseases,such as breastcancer. These facts,大14家 ,have previouslybeen thoughtunrelated.The formerhas been大15家 tosocial effects,such as a strong tradition of大 16家 education. The latter was seen;.as a (an)大17家 of genetic isolation. Dr. C
6、ochran suggests that theintelligenceand diseasesare intimately大18家 . His argument is thattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas 大19家 themto uniqueevolutionary pressures that have resulted in this大 20家 state ofaffairs.1.A selectedB preparedC obligedD pleased2.A uniqueB particularC specialD rare3.A ofB wit
7、hC inD against4.A subsequentlyD latelyB presentlyCpreviously5.A OnlyB SoC EvenD Hence6.A thoughtB sightC costD risk7.A advisesB suggestsC protestsD objects8.A progressB factC needD question9.A attainingB scoringC reachingD calculating10. A normalB commonC meanD total11. A unconsciouslyB disproportio
8、natelyC indefinitelyD unaccountably12. A missionsB fortunesC interestsD careers13. A affirmB witnessC observeD approve14. A moreoverB thereforeC howeverD meanwhile15. A given upB got overC carried onD put down16. A assessingB supervisingC administering D valuing;.17.A developmentB originC consequenc
9、e D instrument18.A linkedB integratedC wovenD combined19.A limitedB subjectedC convertedD directed20.A paradoxicalB incompatibleCinevitableD continuousSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark you
10、r answers onANSWER SHEET.(401 points)Text 1While stillcatching-upto menin some spheres of modern life,womenappear to be way ahead in at leastone undesirablecategory.“ Womenareparticularlysusceptibleto developingdepressionand anxietydisordersin response tostresscompared to men, ” according toDr. Yehu
11、da,chiefpsychiatrist at New Yorks Veteran s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormonessomehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress toproduce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the sameconditions.In severalof the studies,
12、when stressed-outfemale ratshadtheir ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemicalresponses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman s increased dose of stress chemicals, are herincreased “opportunities” for stress.“It s not necessarily thatwomendontcope as well.It s j
13、ust thattheyhave so much more to copewith, ” says Dr. Yehuda. “Theircapacityfor toleratingstressmay evenbe greaterthanmen s, ” sheobserves,“ it s justthatthey redealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it morevisibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes anotherdifferencebetween the se
14、xes. “ I think thatthe kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of achronic or repeated nature.Mengo to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds ofinterpersonalviolence thatwomenare exposed to tend tobe indomesticsit
15、uations,by, unfortunately,parentsor otherfamily members, and theytend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these;.longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but wasdetermined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get
16、 the collegedegree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, togo to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage endedand she became a single mother.“It s the hardest thing to take careof a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and paythe debt. I
17、lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Noteveryoneexperiencesthe kindsofsevere chronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmost women todayarecopingwithalot ofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez sexperiencedemonstratesthe importanceof findingways todiffusestressbefore it threatens your health and
18、 your ability to function.21. Whichof the followingistrueaccordingto thefirsttwo paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Menand womenshow differentinclinationswhe
19、n faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda s research suggests that womenA need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C are more capable of avoiding stress.D are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to beA dome
20、stic and temporary.B irregular and violent.C durable and frequent.D trivial and random.24. The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para.5) shows thatA Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B Alvarez s salary barely covered her household expenses.C Alvarez got paychecks from
21、different jobs.D Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?;.A Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so st
22、raightforward. A team of researchers workingtogether in the laboratory would submit the results of their researchtoa journal.A journaleditorwould then remove theauthors names andaffiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received, the editor would acc
23、ept the paperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would haveto subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-funde
24、d research by restricting access to it is makingaccess to scientific results a reality. The Organization for EconomicCo-operationand Development (OECD) has justissueda reportdescribingthe far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton ofVictoria University in Australia and Graham Vi
25、ckery of the OECD, makesheavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, untilnow, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment inresearch depends, in part,
26、 upon wide distribution and ready access. Itis big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market isestimatedatbetween$7 billionand$11 billion.TheInternationalAssociation of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says thatthere are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing
27、 in thesesubjects. Theypublish morethan1.2 million articles eachyear insome16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% ofscholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models areemerging;threemain ones were identifiedby the report s authors.Thereis the so-c
28、alledbigdeal, where institutionalsubscriberspay foraccesstoa collectionofonlinejournaltitlesthrough site-licensingagreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported byasking the author (or his employer) to pay forthe paper tobe published.Finally, there are open-access archives, where o
29、rganizations such asuniversitiesor internationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such;.as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available toeveryone
30、 who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discussesA the background information of journal editing.B the publication routine of laboratory reports.C the relations of auth
31、ors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D It benefits scientific resear
32、ch considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in thatA it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it facilitates public investment in scientific resear
33、ch.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required toA cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the te
34、xt?A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B A new mode of publication is emerging.C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three playersin the NationalBasketballAssociation(
35、NBA) listedat over seven feet.;.If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer fr
36、ames.The trend in sports,though, may be obscuringan unrecognizedreality:Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about twoinchestallernow than140 years ago, today s people especiallythoseborn to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generationsapparently reached their limit
37、in the early 1960s. And they arentlikely to get any taller.“ In the general population today, at thisgenetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we cango, ” saysanthropologistWilliamCameron Chumlea ofWrightStateUniversity.In the case of NBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearsto res
38、ult from the increasingly common practice of recruiting playersfrom all over the world.Growth,which rarelycontinuesbeyond theage of20, demandscaloriesand nutrients notably, protein to feed expanding tissues. At thestartof the20thcentury,under-nutritionand childhoodinfectionsgotin the way. But as die
39、t and health improved, children and adolescentshave, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet accordingto the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height59 for men, 54 for women hasn t really changed
40、 since 1960.Geneticallyspeaking, there areadvantages to avoidingsubstantialheight. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,even thoughhumans have been uprightformillionsofyears,our feet and back continueto strugglewithbipedalpostureand cannot easily
41、withstandrepeatedstrainimposed by oversizelimbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the geneticarchitecture ofthe individual organism,” says anthropologistWilliamLeonard of Northwestern University.Geneticmaximumscan change, butdont expectthistohappen soon.Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center inNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat 90 percent oftheuniformsand workstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,the lengthof militaryuniforms has not changed for some time.And if you n