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1、年号的读法：,1979nineteen seventy-nine / nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;,E.g.：in the 1840s in the 60s,读作：in the eighteen forties （十九世纪四十年代）,年代的读法：,读作：in the sixties（本世纪六十年代）,指十年（decade），采用 “基数词加上十位数复数” 的形式来表示，前面与介词 “in” 和定冠词 “the” 搭配。,exercise 3,钠 钾 磷 氨 聚合物 聚乙烯,氯化物 粘度 烃 催化剂 炼油厂 添加剂,sodium potassium p
2、hosphorus ammonia polymer polyethylene,chloride viscosity hydrocarbon catalyst refinery additive,Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers,Chemical engineers and chemist,What is the classical role of the chemical engineer? What are the differences between the work of chemists and that of chemi
3、cal engineers? What are the relationships between chemical engineers and chemists? Why should chemical engineers work with other engineers?,Questions：,What is the classical role of the chemical engineer?,FAQ,The classical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist i
4、n the laboratory and develop them into money-making, commercial-scale chemical process.,化学工程师的典型职责是接受化学家在实验室中所完成的发现并开发它们成为赚钱的，商业规模的化学过程。,What are the differences between chemical engineers and chemists?,FAQ,The chemist works in test tubes and Parr bombs with very small quantities of reactants and pr
5、oducts, usually running “batch”, constant-temperature experiments. The chemical engineers typically work with much larger quantities of material and with very large (and expensive) equipment.,What are the relationships between chemical engineers and chemists?,FAQ,The chemical engineer is often invol
6、ved in “scaling up” a chemist-developed small-scale reactor and separation system to a very large commercial plant The chemical engineer must work closely with the chemist,The chemical engineer must work closely with the chemist in order to understand thoroughly the chemistry involved in the process
7、 and to make sure that the chemist gets the reaction kinetic data and the physical property data needed to design, operate, and optimize the process.,反应动力学数据 物理性质数据 设计、操作和优化过程,Why should chemical engineers work with other engineers?,FAQ,The chemical engineer must also work closely with mechanical, e
8、lectrical, civil, and metallurgical engineers in order to design and operate the physical equipment in a plantthe reactors, tanks, distillation columns, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors, control and instrumentation devices, and so on。,机械、电子、土木、冶金等工程师,Chemist： Test tubes, Parr bombs, small contain
9、er small qualities of reactants and products Catalyst , samples,Chemical engineer： large equipment, distillation columns larger qualities of material often involved in “scaling up” Work closely with the chemistand other engineers,What are the typical activities of chemical engineers?,To commercializ
10、e the laboratory chemistry, the chemical engineer is involved in development, design, construction, operation, sales, and research.,Typical activities of chemical engineers,development,design,construction,operation,sales,research,1. development,What is development? What do chemical engineers do in t
11、his part？ Why do we need pilot plant in the development?,Words and expressions,reactor scale-up problem mixing imperfection temperature gradients materials of construction Measurement techniques Process control strategies,反应器,放大问题,搅拌不均匀,温度梯度,建造物料,测量技术,工艺过程控制策略,1. development,Development is the inter
12、mediate step required in passing from a laboratory-size process to a commercial-size process. development is usually part of the commercialization of a chemical process because “scale-up” problem is a very difficult one,What is development ?,1. development,The chemical engineer works with the chemis
13、t and a team of other engineers to design, construct and operate the pilot plant. Once the pilot plant is operational, evaluate the process from an economic point of view,Chemical engineers activities,1. development,The pilot plant offers the opportunity to evaluate materials of , measurement techni
14、ques, and process control strategies. The experimental findings in the pilot plant can be used to improve the design of the full-scale plant,functions of the “pilot-plant”,建造材料,测量技术,工艺过程控制策略,2. Design,What is design? What do chemical engineers do in this part？ Whats the product of design stage?,2. D
15、esign,Based on the experience and data obtained in the laboratory and the pilot plant, a team of engineers is assembled to design the commercial plant.,What is design?,基于实验室和中试厂获得的实验和数据，工程师们集中起来设计工业厂,2. Design,The chemical engineers job is to specify all process flow rates and conditions, equipment
16、types and sizes, materials of construction, process configurations, control system, safety systems, environmental protection systems, and other relevant specifications.,Chemical engineers activities,流速和条件 建造材料 控制系统 环境保护系统,2. Design,Products of the design stage,(1) Flow Sheets (2) P and I Drawings (3
17、) Equipment Specification Sheets,工艺流程图,仪器和管线图,设备的详细图表,3. Construction process,Construction phase,Check-out phase,Startup period,Major pieces of equipment,Distillation columns Heat exchanger Pump Compressor instrumental sensors Automatic control valve,The construction phase is the assembling of all t
18、he components into a complete plant,3.Construction,a very exciting and rewarding time for most engineers. seeing your ideas being translated from paper into reality engineers usually on shift work during the startup period.,Chemical engineers activities,3.Construction,results,Once the plant has been
19、 successfully operated at its rated performance, it is turned over to the operating or manufacturing department for routine production of products,额定性能,正常（常规）生产,4. Manufacturing,Chemical engineers occupy a central position Plant technical service groups are responsible for the technical aspects of r
20、unning an efficient and safe plant,Operations, production,4. Manufacturing,Chemical engineers activities,run capacity and performance tests determine bottlenecks and remove them reduce operating cost study ways to improve product quality and reduce environmental pollution,测试设备的容量和性能,5.Technical Sale
21、s,call on customers make recommendations on particular products to fill customers needs being sure that orders are handled smoothly,Sales engineer is the companys representative and must know the companys product line well.,6.Research,work with chemist in developing new or improved product develop n
22、ew and improved engineering methods work on improved sensors for on-line physical property measurements study alternative process configurations and equipment,Chemical engineers activities,Assignment What do chemical engineers do in manufacturing？ Translate Finish exercises 3 and 4 on your textbook
23、Preview unit 4,scale-up,figure of Reactor structure for ammonia,laboratory,Pilot plant,Commercial plant,The flow sheet,Show all the equipment schematically With all streams labeled, conditions specified (flow rate, temperature, pressure, composition, viscosity, density, etc.),P and I Drawings,showin
24、g all pieces of equipment all piping all instrumentation all safety systems,One of the most impressive features of a typical chemical plant is the tremendous number of pipes running all over the site, literally hundreds of miles in many plants. These pipes transfer process materials into and out of
25、the plant.,Equipment Specification Sheets,show detailed information on all the equipment precise dimensions, performance criteria, materials of construction, corrosion allowances, operating temperature and pressure, maximum and minimum flow rates, and the like,Heat carrier,raw material,product,Heat exchanger,Pump,Pump for materials with solid,Pump for hot water circular system,Automatic control valve,