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1、语法名词性从句,noun clause,英语句子的种类,简单句 (simple sentence),并列句 (compound sentence),复合句 (complex sentence),英语句子概论,简单句的五种基本句型,The weather is very cold. 主语+谓语（连系动词）+表语 He laughed. 主语+谓语（vi.） I like Chinese food. 主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语 She taught them physics. 主语+谓语(vt.)+间接宾语+直接宾语 We must keep the room warm. 主语+谓语(vt.) +
2、宾语+宾语补足语,并列句 把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来。,I turned on the TV. My sister and I watched it. I turned on the TV and my sister and I watched it. I bought my sister a present. She didnt like it. I bought my sister a present,but she didnt like it.,并列句,并列句,常用并列连词:,平行并列连词: 转折并列连词： 因果并列连词: 选择并列连词:,and, bothand, not o
3、nly but also, neithernor,but, however, while, yet,or,eitheror,for, so,复合句:主句+从句,名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句,1.The boy who is standing over there is Tom,2.Because it is raining ,we have to stay at home,定语从句,状语从句,3.I know (that)he is from America,(宾语从句）,名词性从句-,Noun Clauses (名词性从句),Subject Clause (主语从句),Appositive
4、 Clause （同位语从句）,Object Clause （宾语从句）,Predicative Clause （表语从句）,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词, 在复合句 中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。,主语,His job is important.,What he does is important.,表语,This is his job.,This is what he does every day.,宾语,I dont like his job.,I dont like what he does every day.,同位语,I dont know about the man, Mr
5、. White.,I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.,Who will win the match is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that we have lost the game. The news that we won the game is exciting.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从句、表语从句 、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。,同位语从句,Obj
6、ect Clauses 宾语从句,I know him . 2. I know who he is .,主语,谓语,宾语,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾 语 从 句,连词,从句主语,从句谓语,主 句,（复合句）,句子做宾语就是宾语从句，跟在及物动词或介词后,句子结构： 主句 +连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句。,Conjunctions of Noun Clauses(引导名词性从句的关联词):,what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+ever,that, whether, if,when, where, how, why,一、连词（引导词） 1. that 1.当宾语从句是
7、由陈述句转变而来时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。,Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better.,2.宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略： （1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省； （2）当that从句作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。 （3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句。,Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reaso
8、n lies in that she works harder than the others do. I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.,3.在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句。,Im sorry (that) I dont know . Were sure (that) our team will win . Im afraid (that) he wont pass the exam .,当宾语从句是由一般
9、疑问句变来时时，由连词whether或if引导， “是否”，不能省略。,(1).Lily wanted to know_ her grandma liked the handbag . (2). Lets see_ we can find out some information about that city . (3).She asked me- she could borrow these books .,注意 whether和if的使用区别:,1).whether和if都可以引导宾语从句 a.当有or not时就用whether,不用if. I dont know whether or
10、 not I will stay. b.介词后面的宾语从句不能用if. I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.,2. whether/if,if /whether,if /whether,if /whether,Practice time,if / whether1. I asked her _ she had a bike.2. Were worried about _ he is safe.3. I dont know _ he is well or not.4. I dont know _ or not he is well.5. I dont
11、 know _ I should go.,if / whether,whether,whether,whether,whether/if,_ to go.,whether,3. 当宾语从句是由特殊疑问句转变而来时，由疑问词（what, who, whom, which, whose when, where, how, why等）引导，因为疑问词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。,Do you know - he said just now ? I dont remember- we arrived . I asked him - I could get so much
12、 money . Please tell me- we have to see . Do you know - time the plane leaves ?,what,when,where,who whom,what,二、时态 1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根 据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）。,I know he _- here .(live) I know he- here ten years ago .(live) I have heard that he -tomorrow .(come)
13、,2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）,I knew who - here.(live) I saw she _- her mother. (talk) He asked whether his father _tomorrow. (come back) He said that he _it .(see),3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。,The teacher said that the earth -around the sun.（travel）,
14、lives,lived,will come,travels,lived,was talking with,would come back,had seen,三、语序 宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分。,1.I dont know what is the matter the troublewrong with him. 2 .I dont know who did it. 3. I dont know who is he,1. When will he go to the library? 1 His brother asks when he will go to the
15、 library . 2 His brother asks when will he go to the library .,2. What does he want to buy ? 1 I dont know what he wants to buy . 2 I dont know what does he want to buy .,We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.,2. He has made it clear that he will not give in.,注意： it常可以放在动词think
16、, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语, 真正的宾语-that从句则放在句尾.,*_(我们觉得很奇怪)she didnt go to school today.,We think it strange that,Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions.,1. -Can you tell me _ the man is ? - He is my brother. 2. I didnt know _ he was coming until yesterday. 3. The doctor ask
17、s _ medicine you have taken. 4. I want to know _ they solved the problems in the city.,who,when,what,how,when,Whether/if,1.The young man asked _ its summer or winter. A. either B. that C. weather D. whether 2.We dont know _ they did it . A. how B. who C. what D. which 3. The teacher asks us _ Jim ca
18、n come back on time . A. that B. if C. when D. what time 4. Does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not . A. if B. where C. whether D. that,D,A,B,C,5. Could you show me _ ? A. how can I get to the station B. where is the station C. how I could get to the station D. how I ca
19、n reach the station 6. Please tell me _. A. what does he like B. what he does like C. what he likes D. what he like 7. My sister told him _ . A. what day was it B. when the train arrived C. who she was waiting D. where did you live,C,B,D,8. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _ . A. who is
20、he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 9. Could you tell me how long _ ? A. you have bought the watch B. you have kept this science book C. have you been away from China D. have you been a member of Greener China 10. He says that if it _ tomorrow , he _ fishing . A. will rain , wont go B. rained
21、, wasnt go C. rains , wont go D. rain , will go,B,C,D,Subject Clauses 主语从句,Conjunctions of Noun Clauses(引导名词性从句的关联词):,what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+ever,that, whether,when, where, how, why,1. is certain.（我们将迟到了） 2. _ is known to all. (地球是圆的) 3. _ is a pity(你错过了这次机会),That the earth is round,That
22、you missed the chance,二 whether 是否，表不确定的事情.,引导词,That we shall be late,hurts him so much.（她离开他 ）,一.that _-只起引导作用，不充当成分，但不能省略。没有意义 。,1). That she left him,_ is not easy to say(他是否会来这）,2)Whether he will come here,( If he will come here. . ),3) _is more practice.(我们所需要的）,what 在从句中作主语。,4）is under discuss
23、ion.,When 在从句中作状语,What we need,When we will begin the meeting,“if” 不能引导主语从句,三。其他疑问词,注意一:主语从句后置! 为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. That we shall be late is certain. 1. That the earth is round is known to all. - 2. That you missed the chance is a pity. -,It is a pity that you missed the chanc
24、e.,Its known to all that the earth is round.,- Its certain that we shall be late.,这样就构成了下面一些常用句型: It is +adj/n that(strange/a pity) It is + v ed that.(said/reported.,由连词 whether, 连接代词 what, who, which和 连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导,也常常后置:,Who will do it _been decided(have /has) What he needs _ that bo
25、ok. What he needs _ some books.,is,are,注意三：What 与 that 引导主语从句,what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that则不然,它在句子中只起连接作用。 .,(1) _you said yesterday is right. (2) _she is still alive is a puzzle,What,That,注意：主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数,注意二,What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定,_ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A.
26、 That B. Why C. What D. How,2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . A If B Whether C That D Where,3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_the First World. Which; belong to b. As, belonged to c. What; belonging to d. It; belonging to,4. Its known to us all _ a form
27、 of energy . A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when 6.What I say and think _ none of your business. A. is B. are C. has D have,Predicative Clauses 表语从句,what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+ever,th
28、at, whether,as if/as though,when, where, how, why.because,表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem,表语从句,The question is _we can rely on him. Thats _we were in need of money at that time . He looked _he was going to cry . Thats _I was late .,whether,because,as
29、 if,why,注 意：,在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“if”。 一般情况下，“that”不能省。 It is /was because . It is /was why. 3. The reason (why/for)is /was that. 4 The reason is because /why,that .,1. Thats _ the Party called on us to do. A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machi
30、ne. A. because B. why C. that D. Whether 3 .That is _ they separated. A. that B. what C. which D. where 4.Jane is no longer _ she was four years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. when,找出各句中的从句并指出是何种从句。 1. I dont know if I can do it. 2. What he is doing seems very difficult. 3. The important thing is
31、how we can improve our studies. 4. Mr Li always thinks of how he can do more for the people. 5. The news that she was pretending to be sick was whispered from one to another.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,宾语从句,6. Thats what you are going to do first. 7. Itll be decided at the class meeting who is to be the m
32、onitor of our class. 8. When the sports meet is to be held is still under discussion. 9. I was surprised at what he said. 10. He gave me the news that some Americans will visit our school tomorrow.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,主语从句,同位语从句,appositive Clauses 同位语从句,同位语从句 1. 跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。 常用名词有belief, fact,
33、idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information, opinion等。Suggestion, suggest order demand wish等 2. 常用连词：that; when, where, why, how,e.g. 1.消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。,Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army.,Its the question how he did it.,3同位语从句多用that 引导，无意义，不可省。,2.问题是他如何做这件事的,4.
34、在have no idea之后用wh-引导同位语从句,I have no idea where he has gone. I have no idea when he did it. I have no idea what he did.,1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.,2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news
35、 last night.,_,The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.,_,We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.,4.Time travel is possible./ There is no scientific proof for the idea.,5.Chinese students should be
36、 given more free time./ The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents hold the view.,_,Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online.,_,There is no scientific proo
37、f for the idea that time travel is possible.,_,_,The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,1.We expressed the hope that they had expected. 2.We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.,定语从句,同位语从句,3.
38、 连词that在同位语从句中不可省略,而在定语从句中当它充当宾语时可以省略。,区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句：,1.引导同位语的连词that在句中不作任何句子成分，而在定语从句中， that充当的可以是从句的主语或宾语等,2. 同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的具体说明，而定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰，解释为“.的”,3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us all.,1.The news that our team has won the game was true.,2.The news that he told me yes
39、terday was true,同位语从句,定语从句,同位语从句,判断:定语从句or同位语从句,1.The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 2.The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 3.The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true. 4.Th
40、e news that we got last week is true. 5.The question that we discussed yesterday is a difficult one.,(定语从句),(同位语从句),(同位语从句),(定语从句),(定语从句),注意1：that / what的辨用,1._ he wants is a book. 2. _ he wants to go there is obvious.3.We should pay attention to _ the teacher is saying. 4.He told us _ he felt ill.
41、5.The result is _ we won the game.6.This is _ we want to know.7. I have no idea _ he did that afternoon. 8.The fact_ she works hard is well known to us all.,What,That,what,what,what,（that）,（that）,that,Rules,1.that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用 2. what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。,注意2：whether与if的辨用,1.W
42、hether it is true remains a problem. 2.It remains a problem whether/if it is true. 3. He asked whether/if Mary would attend the ceremony. 4.It depends on whether we have got enough money. 5.The question is whether you should accept it. 6.The question whether hell attend the meeting is important. 7.I
43、 didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. 8.I dont know whether/if it is right or not.,Rules,1.在由形式主语it引导的主语从句及在vt动词后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”， whether/if 都可以用； 2.在前置主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和跟在介词后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”， 只能用whether； 3.在whether or not 和whether to do 中whether 不能换成if,Practice time,if / whether 1. I asked her _ she had
44、 a bike. 2. I dont know _ he is well or not. 3._ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 4.It hasnt been decided_ we shall attend the meeting. 5.Were worried about _ he is safe. 6. The question is _ he should do it. 7.The doctor can hardly answer the question _ the old
45、man will recover soon. 8. I dont know _ to go or to stay at home.,whether/ if,whether,whether,whether,whether,whether,whether,whether / if,1. _made the school proud was _more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities . A What / because B What / that C That / what D That / because
46、 2._she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons . A What / why B That / what C What / because D Why / that,B,A,B,3. He is absent from school . It is _ he is seriously ill. A. why B. because C. that D. the reason,4 _has helped to save the drowning girl is wort
47、h praising . A Who B The one C Anyone D Whoever,5. Information has been put forward _ more graduates will be admitted into universities . A that B how C where D what,D,A,6 - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week . - Is that _you had a few days off ? A why B when C what D where 7 -Are you still thinking about yesterdays game ? - Oh ,thats _.