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1、Inaugural Address,John F. Kennedy,Unit 4,Teaching Objectives,To know the features of a political speech To appreciate the language features of Kennedys address To acquaint the students with some famous English speeches To take this speech as a good example to learn some techniques in writing a speec
2、h,Teaching Focus,The difference between a speech and an argument Political background Biblical and ancient Roman style writings and allusions A round-about way in vague terms to convey political views which are not openly stated,Teaching Methods,Teacher-oriented teaching method Student-oriented teac
3、hing method The elicited method,Teaching Procedure,. Introductory Remarks . Background Information . Learning Focus . Key words and Expressions . Explanation of the Text,. Division of the Text . The Writing Style . Rhetorical Devices . Exercises,Introductory Remarks,. Introductory Remarks,J. F. Kenn
4、edy addresses a worldwide audience in his inaugural speech. He makes a general statement of basic policy goals.,The United States is prepared to pay any price, bear any burden, and meet any hardship to defend human rights, liberty and independence of free nations. He addresses different groups of al
5、lied nations or would-be allies, as well as the United Nations.,He turns to his enemy, warning that the U.S. is prepared to oppose any foe at all costs, so theyd better negotiate and cooperate with U.S. He appeals to his countrymen and citizens of the world for support and sacrifice in order to defe
6、nd human rights and freedom.,President Kennedys finest masterpiece and one of the best speeches. It is a persuasive speech with the clear purpose: to explain, convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and what he is planning to do best represent their interests so they should support h
7、im.,Detailed Study of the Text,. Background Information,1. Brief Introduction to John Kennedy On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by an assassins bullets as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was the youn
8、gest man elected President; he was the youngest to die.,2Inauguration the peaceful transfer of power from one individual to another going back to President George Washington the induction of the new president was scheduled on March 4, every fourth year since 1793,it has taken place on January 20 sin
9、ce 1937 the inaugural ball in 1809 four or five ballrooms in Washington,3. Solemn Oath “I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”,. Learnin
10、g Focus,To understand the political background To appreciate the biblical and ancient Roman style writings and allusions To understand a round-about way in vague terms to convey political views which are not openly stated,. Key words and Expressions,1. inaugural: a. of an inauguration inauguration (
11、n.), inaugurate (v.) the professors inaugural lecture 2. symbolize: v. to be a symbol of; stand for -In Europe, the color white symbolizes purity.,3. signify: v. to be a sign or indication of; mean -Recent changes in climate may signify that global warming is starting to have an effect. 4. almighty:
12、 a. having unlimited power; all-powerful -Almighty God / Father,5. prescribe: v. to set down as a rule or direction; order -what punishment does the law prescribe for corruption? 6. abolish: v. to do away with completely; put an end to; -The legislature passed a law to abolish the surtax.,7. temper:
13、 v. to strengthen through experience or hardship; toughen -Those soldiers had been tempered by combat. 8. discipline: v. to subject to discipline; train; control -Students must learn to discipline themselves.,9. oppose: v. to resist; withstand; -Many members of the council opposed the building of th
14、e luxury houses in the center of the city. 10. assure:v. to make (difficult thing) certain; guarantee -I can assure you of the reliability of the news.,11. venture: n. a business project or activity, especially one that involves taking risks -a joint venture 12. iron: a. cruel, merciless -iron disci
15、pline,13. renew: v. to go over again; say again; repeat -I renewed my spirits in the country. 14. forum: n. assembly for the discussion of public matters or current questions -The letter page of this newspaper is a forum for public argument.,15. shield: n. any person or thing that guards, protect or
16、 defends 16. unleash: v. to release or let go from or as from a leash leash: n. (lead esp. AmE) -All dogs must be kept on a leash in public places. leash: v. to control an animal, esp. a dog, with lead or leash,17. stay: v. restrain -The government tries to stay the progress of the disease. 18. invo
17、ke: v. to ask solemnly for; beg for; implore -I invoked their forgiveness.,19. eradicate: v. to get rid of; wipe out; destroy -Their goal was to eradicate the poverty in the countryside. 20. testimony: n. form of evidence, indication; proof -These results are a testimony to your hard work.,21. shrin
18、k: v. to avoid or wish to avoid taking action; be reluctant; withdraw -A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers. 22. at issue: in dispute; to be decided; in disagreement -What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a students ability.,23. at odds: in disagreement; quarrelling; antag
19、onistic -He was at odds with his colleagues. 24. cast off: to discard; abandon -The town is still trying to cast off its dull image.,. Explanation of the Text,Para.1: Kennedy emphasizes the importance of his election as president. It is not simply a victory of the Democratic Party over the Republica
20、n Party. It celebrates the freedom of people to elect freely their own head of the state. It symbolizes the end of one presidential term and the beginning of new one. The presidency is continued, but the president has changed.,Para.2: Not only the administration has been changed, but the world has c
21、hanged a lot. Para.3: Kennedy exhorts his countrymen and forcefully declares his determination to “pay any price” to defend human right and liberty at home and around the world.,Para.4: Like the preceding one, Kennedy addresses to friend and foe at the same time. It promise to support any friend and
22、 oppose any foe. Para.5: transition from the general countries to specific ones.,Para.6: It refers to those old allies with the same cultural and spiritual origins, esp. English speaking countries, such as Canada, Britain, Australia, New Zealand etc.,Paras.7 2) through his own credibility; 3) throug
23、h appeals to the peoples basic social, biological, and psychological needs, wants, and desires,2. The deliberate use of a pseudo-Roman style and Biblical language a. “ and yet the same revolutionary from the hand of God.” (para.2) b. “Let the world go forth from this time and place (para.3),c. “to s
24、trengthen its shield of the new, which its writ may run.” (para.10) d. “And so, my fellow Americans your country.” (para.25),. Division of the Text,Part 1 Paras.1-5 : a general statement of basic policy goals. Part 2 Paras.6-9 : Kennedy addresses different groups of allied nations or would-be allies
25、.,Part 3 Paras.11-19: Kennedy speaks to his enemy. Part 4 Paras. 21-27: Kennedy appeals to his countrymen for support and sacrifice.,Summary of the Text,. The Writing Style,Well organized and highly rhetorical Various figures of speech The appropriate use of words, parallel and balanced structures,R
26、epetition of important words and phrases, and antithesis Deliberate use of a pseudo-Roman style or Biblical language in some places,Summary of the Text,-one of the best inaugural addresses -its object: to explain, convince and persuade people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents
27、 their interests so they should support him,-addressing a worldwide audience and appealing not only to the American people but also to the different groups of nations in the international community,-consisting of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion -extremely well organized, highly rhetor
28、ical and full of logical reasoning and emotional appeal,-various figures of speech -the appropriate use of words, -some structural rhetorical devices: parallel and balanced structures, repetition of important words and phrases -antithesis -for the sake of force, vividness and emotional appeal,Featur
29、es of the Speech,-Mostly persuasion with very little explanation -To rely chiefly on a successful appeal to emotions -No time to cite facts and reasons which could convince -First to understand the psychology of the audience to whom he is directing his words,-To employ suitable rhetorical devices an
30、d words to create the desired emotional impact -Successful when the audience is excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is ready susceptible to the message of the speaker -Political demagogy relies on emotional appeal for its success,. Rhetorical Devices,alliteration: frien
31、d and foe (para.3) pay any price, bear any burden,metaphor: torch-inspiration and ideals riding the back of tiger-seeking the aid of the socialist countries the master of its own house-America that fire can truly light the world-the energy, faith, devotion of American people,parallel: verb phrase-pa
32、y any price, meet any hardship, support any friend, and oppose any foe. (para.4) Paras.6, 7, 8, 10, 11 begin with the same type of phrases: To those old allies Paras.15, 16,17, 18 begin with the same type of phrases: Let both sides,repetition: “all forces” and “belief” (para2) “committed” (para.3) “
33、good” and “free” (para9) “beyond doubt” (para12),antithesis: A figure of speech which assumes a balanced structure and emphasizes a contrast in meaning by placing antonyms in parallel position, generally to produce a sound rhythm, and expresses great wisdom through brevity.,antithesis: “United, ther
34、e is little, Divided, there is little.” (para.6) “If a free society cannotwho are rich” (para.8) “Let both sides exploredivide us.” (para.15) “ask not what your country can do for youfor your country” (para.25) “ not as a call to battle,.” (para. 22),synecdoche: “that stay the hand of mankinds final
35、 war.” (para.13) rhetorical question: “Can we forge against for all mankind?” (para.23),Exercises,. Exercises,Oral Presentation Make a five-minute presentation in class based on your research. Suggested topics: 1. The position of John F. Kennedy in American history 2. The Cold War,Discriminate betwe
36、en these synonyms. 1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethal 2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resolute,1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethal Fatal if used to describe anything that is capable of causing or that actually has caused death; it carries a strong suggestion of the inevitability of fate An illness
37、 which might not be serious for a young person, but which will almost certainly prove fatal to an old person.,Deadly is interchangeable with fatal in this sense. Leukemia is a deadly disease Deadly, however, in a way that fatal cannot, can refer to a person who desires or seeks to cause the death of
38、 another person. The murdered man had many deadly enemies.,Mortal, like deadly, can be applied both to things or people that cause, are capable of causing, or seek to cause someones death. (Because of an ancient family feud, the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth).,In its reference to th
39、ings, mortal differs from fatal and deadly only in the fact that it is usually found in contexts which detail a death that has already occurred. He was struck down by a mortal blow upon the head.,Lethal refers to something which, because of some intrinsic quality in its make-up, is certain to cause
40、death, and may indeed exist for the express purposes of causing death. Cyanide is a lethal poison.,With the exception of lethal, all these words can be used to describe something that causes great fear or discomfort, or that brings about disaster or ruin, but that dose not lead to physical death. a
41、fatal mistake; a deadly insult; in mortal terror.,2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resolute Faithful implies continued, steadfast adherence to a person or thing to which one is bound by an oath, duty, obligation, etc. a faithful wife or husband,loyal implies undeviating allegiance to a person,
42、 cause, institution, etc. which one feels morally bound to support or defend a loyal friend constant suggests freedom from fickleness in affections or loyalties a constant lover,staunch (or stanch) implies such strong allegiance to ones principles or purpose as not to turned aside by any cause a sta
43、unch defender of the truth,resolute stresses unwavering determination, often in adhering to ones personal ends or aims She was resolute in her decision to stay.,READ, THINK AND COMMENT The following is part of Martin Luther Kings speech “I Have a Dream Address at March on Washington” delivered on Au
44、gust 28, 1963, in Washington, D.C. Read it and sum up and comment on his rhetorical devices.,Martin Luther King Jr.s speech “I have a Dream” is one of the greatest speeches in American history and one of the most famous around the world. The speaker uses a variety of rhetorical devices to give force
45、 and rhythm to his speech. The following are some of them.,Parallel sentence structures: “I have a dream today. I have a dream that”; “Let freedom ring”; “With this faith” Repetition of key words: “together” Metaphors: “whose governors lips are presently dripping with the words”; “every valley shall
46、 be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight”; “the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood”; etc.,Quotation from “My Country, Tis of Thee”, also known as “America”, an American patriotic song. Words from the old Negro spiritual: “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!” Biblical style: “the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together”; “when all of Gods children be able to sing”; “Let freedom ring from”,