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1、American Literature,Robert Frost (p.134),Main content,Robert Frost His poem “ The Road not Taken”,About Robert Frost,Poet and playwright,His Life,Born in San Francisco in 1874 and died in Boston in1963 At 11 years old, his father died and his mother took him to Massachusetts Attended high school in
2、Mass, entered Dartmouth College, but remained less than one semester. In 1895, he got married. In order to support the family, he did odd jobs: teaching school and working in a mill and as a newspaper reporter,From 1897 to 1899,attended Harvard College as a special student but left without a degree.
3、 Over the next ten years he wrote (but rarely published) poems, operated a farm in Derry, New Hampshire, and supplemented his income by teaching at Derrys Pinkerton Academy.,His Writing,Robert Frost was the most popular American poet from 1914 to his death. His verse: at first terrifying later fille
4、d with more sunshine Frosts achievement was fantastic. Frosts poems are New England in the setting, and are characterized by the familiar speaking voice. The subjects come from daily life of ordinary people. Frost wrote rural poetry in the pastoral tradition as a way to understand modern life.,Featu
5、res,Profound meanings are hidden underneath the plain language and simple form. (1) His poems mostly wrote about nature (influence from Wordsworth and Emerson) and New England landscape. (2) Deceptively simple style (reason for popular) (3) Symbolism (show his poems deep meaning) (4) He was likely t
6、o choose traditional forms for his poem, but the themes of his poems are mostly modern. (In his poems, traditional elements and modern elements mingle together.),Thematic concerns,Generally Frost is considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New Engl
7、and. These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature, as well as its beauty, and the loneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. Frost wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of mans life: the individuals relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to world, and
8、to his God.,The Modern Period in American Literature,Strictly speaking, the modern period of American literature starts with the WWI, stretches through the Great Depression and ends with WWII.,The 20th century began with a strong sense of social breakdown. The two World Wars, especially the First Wo
9、rld War (1914-1918), became the emblem of all wars in the 20th century, which means violence, devastation, blood and death, and made a big impact on the life of the American people and their literary writings.,With all these wars the whole world had undergone a dramatic social change, a transformati
10、on from order to disorder. America in this period was characterized by economic boom and material prosperity but social chaos, spiritual waste and moral decay.,The impact of Marxism, Freudianism and European modern art on American modern literature: Between the mid-l9th century and the first decade
11、of the 20th century, there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences, as well as in the field of art in Europe, which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.,Frosts poetic theory,He empha
12、sized on the dramatic qualities of poetry. He believed that all poetry is essentially metaphorical. He insisted that poetry cannot be forced into being. He thought that poetry serves as a means of giving patterns to mans existence.,The Road Not Taken 一条未走的路 又译为 未选择的路,From his collection of poems Mou
13、ntain Intervel,Introduction,This is a much quoted poem of Frost. It was included in Mountain Interval, the first collection of poems published after Frost returned to America. Actually it was written in February, 1915, just before he was about to go back. He has already won a high reputation in Lond
14、on whereas his friend, Edward Thomas, was involved in the first World War. Frost was very sorrowful and thus recalled his experience four years age in a New Hampshire forest.,Masculine mskjln 从押韵的诗行是以重读音节还是非重读音节结尾，英语诗歌的尾韵 还可分为阳韵（masculine rhyme) 和阴韵(feminine rhyme)两类. 阳韵：互相押韵的诗行都是以重读音节的词或单音节词结尾。 阳韵在
15、英语诗歌中最为常见。 阴韵： 当押韵的诗行以非重读音节结尾时，即为阴韵 Syllable slbl n. 音节 Iambic ambk n. 抑扬格 Tetrameter tetrmt n. 四音步,Stanza 1,1. diverge dav:d vi. 分开，叉开; =separate, go in different directions 2. undergrowth ndgr n. 矮树丛，灌木丛 =bush,Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, 黄色的树林里分出两条路 And sorry I could not travel both 可惜我不能
16、同时去涉足 And be one traveler, long I stood 我在那路口久久伫立 And looked down one as far as I could 我向着一条路极目望去 To where it bent in the undergrowth; 直到它消失在丛林深处,Stanza 2,1. Fair adj. 公平的; 合理的; 晴朗的; 美丽的 2. claim=saying,Then took the other, as just as fair, 但我却选择了另外一条路 And having perhaps the better claim, 它荒草萋萋，十分幽
17、寂 Because it was grassy and wanted wear;显得更诱人，更美丽 Though as for that the passing there 虽然在这两条小路上 Had worn them really about the same, 都很少留下旅人的足迹 or reason 3. wear we(r) vt. 磨损 n. 磨损,Stanza 3,And both that morning equally lay 虽然那天清晨落叶满地 In leaves no step had trodden black. 两条路都未经脚印污染 Oh, I kept the f
18、irst for another day! 呵，留下一条路等改日再见 Yet knowing how way leads on to way,但我知道路径延绵无尽头 I doubted if I should ever come back. 恐怕我难以再回返,Stanza 4,I shall be telling this with a sigh 也许多少年后在某一个地方 Somewhere ages and ages hence，我将轻声叹息把往事回顾 Two roads diverged in a wood,and I一片森林里分出两条路 I took the one less trave
19、led by, 而我却选择了人迹更少的一条 And that has made all the difference. 从此决定了我一生的道路,译本2 殊途（The Road Not Taken） 罗伯特弗罗斯特 原作晓峰 翻译金秋密林，展开二条小路，遗憾满怀，无法同时踏足，孤独旅人，良久伫立踟蹰。极目远眺，道路蜿蜒何处，弯弯曲曲，出没林间灌木。 二择其一，选择这条小路，于我而言，或许就是坦途，杂草萋萋，期待旅人光顾。设想两途，皆是行者无数，人流如织，彼此有何异殊。,清晨林间，铺展二条小路，人迹杳茫，缤纷落叶密布，留下其一，期待来日再补。了然于胸，此路已向它途，扪心自问，能否回到当初。 一声叹
20、息，昨日历历在目，年复一年，不知身在何处，茂密林间，方向由我选出。向往孤旅，人烟稀少为主， 回首往事，选择决定归宿！,Types of poetry,Narrative poetry 叙事诗 Lyric poetry 抒情诗 Dramatic poety 戏剧诗 Other types of poetry Descriptive poetry Reflective poetry (meditative poetry) Didactic poetry Satirical poety,Metrical verse 格律诗 Free verse 自由诗 Blank verse 素体诗,Literar
21、y Devices in this poem,Metaphor The poem revolves around the metaphor comparing the decisions we make on the journey of life to a fork in the road. Just as we must decide which road to take when traveling in order to arrive at a location, we must make decisions in our life that will greatly impact o
22、ur destination.,2. Symbolism Yellow- The yellow coloring of the woods is representative of the light, hope and promise that the speaker is standing before. Woods- The poem is set in the woods, we get an image of a quiet, deserted place where the speaker is left alone to decide. There are no road sig
23、ns or people to stop and ask for directions. Similarly, there are no signs in life designed to help people choose their path.,Roads- The roads are symbols of the paths we take in life. Morning- The morning represents a new beginning and the endless possibilities the day ahead has to offer. The poet
24、sets the poem in the morning to reveal that the speaker is in the early years of his life and his future is spread out before him.,Language,This poem is written in classic five-line stanzas, with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-a-b and conversational rhythm. This rhyme scheme reflects the speakers efforts to shape his life into a pleasing and coherent form. The poet uses the road to symbolize lifes journey.,