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1、. 宾语从句 第一部分：宾语梗要宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称之为宾语从句；英语的及物动词后必须有宾语；除及物动词有宾语之外，英语介词后面也要有宾语；某些形容词如worth,careful等后也可有宾语；宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语，这两个宾语统称为双宾语。 一 不同词类作宾语1. 名词作宾语She is playing the piano now.2. 代词作宾语 We all like him. She doesnt know me.3. 数词作宾语 Give
2、me four.4. the+形容词/v-ed/v-ing结构作宾语。 1) The young should respect the old . 2) They went to help the dying and the wounded. 3) They are searching for the lost . 二 非谓语类作宾语1不定式作宾语We all like to go to school. 注意: I dont know what to do next. 2动名词作宾语 The boss hates workers complaining.三 从句类作宾语 I thinkhe i
3、s right. Do you understand what I mean? I asked whether there are any chemists shops in this street. Give him whatever he needs. We can rely on whomever we can trust. She will give whoever needs help a warm support.四 两种特殊带宾语的结构1一些形容词可有宾语常用的情感形容词有：sure, afraid ,glad ,pleased ,happy ,worried ,sad ,sor
4、ry The book is worth reading.2介宾结构Are they listening to the professor? Are they satisfied with us? He passed the exam by cheating.五it用作形式宾语（基本用法）I think it no need talking about it with them.He makes it a rule never to borrow money. Did you make it clear why she didnt come?I think it very strange th
5、at he goes out walking almost every night. She wont like it if you arrive late. 六 双宾语有些及物动词可接两个宾语（双宾语），即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。1. 常用句型为 主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语。Give me a cup of tea, please. You dont need to show him how to do it. He has told me where they lives.2. 下面几种情况，通常要用介词to或for引起的短语： 1). 当直接宾语是人称代词（itthem）时。如
6、： The watch is Li Leis. Please give it to him.。 2). 当强调间接宾语时。如： Mother cooks breakfast for us every day. 3). 当间接宾语比直接宾语长时。如： 精品.On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person. 4) 由to连接间接宾语的动词有：give, lend, bring, show, tell, write, send, hand, teach, offer, sell, promise, pass ,take等.5) 由for连接间
7、接宾语的动词有： buy, make, leave, do, choose, order, sing, win, cook, get 等 注意： I will ask him a question. I will ask a question of him. 七 同源宾语（Cognate Object）少数不及物动词能带一个在词根上与动词相同或相近意义的宾语，即同源宾语1. 能带同源宾语的动词有：lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。Under the leadership of the
8、Party, the peasants are living a happy life.I dreamed a terrible dream last night. Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August.He died a heroic death. 2. 同源宾语前面可带形容词作定语。这时，“动词+定语+同源宾语”的结构在意义上相当于“动词+与定语意义相同的状语”。二者相比，前者语气更强一些。 We slept a comfortable sleep last night. (= We sle
9、pt comfortably last night.) Professor Smith died a sudden death last Wednesday. （= Professor Smith died suddenly last Wednesday.） 注意：同源宾语前面通常带有定语。 fight a good fight breathe a deep breath laugh a foolish laugh smile a forced smile3. 同源宾语的修饰语是形容词最高级或含有最高级意义时，该同源宾语常可以省去。 You should run your fastest（ra
10、ce）. The old man breathed his last（breath）this morning. 第二部分 宾语从句学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。比较下面几个句子I dont know the phone number.I dont know what his phone number is.I dont know if this is his phone number. 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句详解一宾语从句的分类:.1 作动词的宾语: I heard that he would come here later on. 2 作介词的宾语:
11、Hesaidnothing about who broke the window last night. 3 作形容词的宾语：I am sure I will pass the exam.二.宾语从句中引导词（连接词）的用法分三类：从属连词 that(陈述句),if,whether（是否），连接代词who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever , whatever, whichever等.连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.连接副词 when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,howe
12、ver等.找出并翻译下列句中的宾语从句1 He told me that he would go to the college the next year 2 I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 3 Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 4 Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 5 The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 6 He didnt tell me when we sho
13、uld meet again. 7 Could you please tell me how you use the new panel（新的操作盘）? 8 None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.精品.（一） that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）只起连接作用，无词意，通常第一个that 可省。可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, a
14、dmit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。 The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.2在以下情况中that不能省略1）、当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。I believe（that）you have do
15、ne your best and that things will get better 2）当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. 当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。I cant tell him that his mother died. 4）当it作形式宾语时 例句：She made it clear that sh
16、e had nothing to do with him5）当宾语从句前置时 That our team will win，I believe6）. that从句单独回答问题时。如：What did he hear? 他听说了什么事？That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。3 宾语从句的否定转移当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。I dont think it is right for him to treat you like that.注意：
17、1)主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, havent you?如果宾语从句
18、中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy，unfair，dislike等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he? 2)当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt she? You thought they could have completed the project, didnt you? They dont believe
19、 shes an engineer, do they? She doesnt expect that we are coming so soon, does she?3）在think,believe,suppose,guess等及物动词及Im afraid等表达的后面，可用so,或not代替一个宾语从句，so 代替肯定句，not 代替否定句，该宾语从句通常是上文提到的一件事。 Are we late? -Im afraid so. -Do you think he will come? -No,I think not./I dont think so. 注: I dont think /bel
20、ieve/suppose/expect so.这种结构不能用于动词guess和hope,guess和hope 只能用I hope/guess not.（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句whether和if通用，都表示“是否”的意思。一般来说，后者比较正式，在口语中前者常用来代替后者。但两者有时具有不同的暗示。用whether时，正反两面的选择意义较强，问话人并不在意回答是肯定还是否定；而用if时，则比较强调单方面，即正面，问话人希望得到肯定的回答。另外，还要注意从以下六个方面的高频考点：一、whether和if都可以与or not连用； 但whether和or not写在一起时，或在
21、动词短语后，只能用whether，不能用if。如： I dont care whether (或if) it will rain or not I dontcarewhetherornotitwillrain.(不用if) I dontcareabout whetherornotitwillrain.(不用if)精品.二、在引导宾语从句时，应注意：1、表示“是否”时，两词都能引导宾语从句。I dont know whether/if I will be able to come.我不知道我是否能来.She asked me whether/if I was interested in work
22、ing for her.她问我是否有兴趣为她工作。Well be told tomorrow whether we should take the exam or not.我们明天才知道是不是应该参加考试.I asked him whether he had done all the work himself or whether he had had any assistance. 我问他这些工作都是他自己做的还是别人帮他做的.I wonder if/whether you can examine him now( 注意: 在两个供选择的从句之间若用or字, 则须重复whether一字. )
23、注:当强调宾语从句并将其提前时只能用whether。如:Whether Ill have time to go with you I am not sure.我很难说我们是否有时间跟你们一起去。2、宾语从句移置句首时，用whether，不用if。Whether it is true or not， I cant say=I cant say whether/if it is true or not3、宾语从句为否定形式时，通常用if，而不用whether。I asked Tom if Marywouldnt come4、动词discuss，decide, consider等后习惯上也常用Whe
24、ther引导从句，不用if。whether 和 if 的区别三、在下列情况下，只能用whether，不能用if。1、与不定式连用时，只能用whetherHe cant decide whether to accept or refuse2、在介词后，只能用whether。Everything depends on whether he is readyI dontcareabout whetherornotitwillrain.3、在名词后作同位语时，只能用whether。The question whether they ought to stop working was discussed
25、 among the workersI have no idea whether he is there4、引导主语从句时，只能用whether。Whetherhe comes or not doesnt concern me5、引导表语从句时，只能用whether。What Maria doesntknow is whether there will be enough snow6、当whether和or not连用时，只用whether不用if。如:I dont know whether or not he will come.我不知道他是不是回来。Ill be happy whether
26、/if I get the job or not我能不能得到那份工作都一样高兴。注意：当or not放在whether引导的从句句尾，则可以用if来替换。7、 当whether和or 连用表示明确的选择时，只用whether不用if。He asked me whether I wanted to go there by train or by bus.他问我是想乘火车还是坐公共汽车去那里。He hesitated about whether he should drive or take the train.他开车去还是坐火车去, 犹豫不决注:whether 和or 连用还可以引导让步状语从句
27、,此时也不用if。如：Well go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not.不管我们能否找到所需的工具,我们要把这件工作做下去。Whether or not it rains / Whether it rains or not, were playing football on Saturday.无论下不下雨, 我们星期六一定踢足球.8、在动词不定式之前，只能用whether，不能用if。The question is whether to go to Munich or Vienna.问题是去慕尼黑还
28、是去维也纳.She doesnt know whether to get married now or wait.是否现在结婚或是等待她不知道。We were wondering whether to go today or tomorrow.我们弄不清是今天走还是明天走.Im not sure whether to resign or stay on.我拿不准主意是辞职还是留任.精品.四、if可引导条件状语从句，译作“如果”，whether可引导让步状语从句，译作“不管、无论”。If I were you，I would not buyWhether he agrees or not，I s
29、hall go thereWell go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not.不管我们能否找到所需的工具,我们要把这件工作做下去。Whether or not it rains / Whether it rains or not, were playing football on Saturday.无论下不下雨, 我们星期六一定踢足球.五、whether和if均可用来引导主语从句，但if引导的从句不能位于句首。Whether they win or lose is all the same to me
30、. 他们是赢是输於我都一样.（此时whether不能换作if ）Its doubtful whether therell be any seats left.说不上还有没有空座位了. (此句whether能换作if)六、表语从句、同位语从句用whether引导不用if.The doubt was whether you had broken the beautiful vase.疑问是你是否打坏了这只漂亮的花瓶。The question whether well build another lecture building hasnt been settled.是否要另建一幢教学楼的问题还未决
31、定。（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. Do you kno
32、w who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏么？ The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. Have you determined whether you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。 He didnt tell me when we should meet again.
33、 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.四.宾语从句的时态时态： 1、 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 2、 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she h
34、adnt finished her work on time. 3、 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. 五 宾语从句中的语气虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。1.Wish(表现在-过去时；表过去-过去完成时；表将来-would+do )精品. I wish I were a bird and could fly fre
35、ely . I wish I had met that film star yesterday.How I wish it wouldnt rain tomorrow . 2.在表示含有“愿望、建议、命令”等词的各种从句中，从句的谓语动词用（should +do ） 一坚持二命令三建议四要求 i-和-s双重性Insist , order, command, advise, suggest , propose, demand, desire, request, require insist/suggestEg: The teacher suggested that he (should) rea
36、d English aloud.He required that we (should) work all right.It was suggested that the meeting (should) be put off next week.The suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off till next week surprised us a lot.The suggestion is that the meeting (should).注：suggest表“暗示”，表明之意时，insist表示“坚持认为，硬要说”之意时，不用虚
37、拟。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.He insisted that he was a Party member and be sent to the front.六、 宾语从句的特殊式1. 复合连接代词在宾语从句中的使用。如：Sarah hopes to become a friend of whoever shares her interest. （whoever= anyone wh
38、o / any person who）These wild flowers are so special I would do whatever I can to save them.（whatever= anything that）It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. whatever在此处是泛指，不可被what替代。而“I cant remember at the moment who has said the words.”中的who表特定的某人，不可以改成whoever。2
39、. it作形式宾语，从句作真正宾语。（1） 动词 + it + important / necessary / natural / etc. + thatclause。that clause中谓语动词前可加should，亦可省略。如：I think it important that you （should） attend the conference.（2） 动词+ it + as + 名词 / 形容词 + clause。如：The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.（3） 动词
40、+ it + 介词 + thatclause。常见的有：owe it to sb. + thatclause（把归功于某人）， leave it to sb. + thatclause（把留给某人去做）， take it for granted + thatclause （想当然）， keep it in mind + thatclause （记住）。如：I just took it for granted that hed always be around.You may depend on it that he will turn up in time. 你可以相信他会及时赶到的。You
41、may depend on it that we shall always help you.（尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。）Ill see to it that all these letters will be sent to the post before twelve.我将注意.Would you see to it that she gets home early?（你负责保证她早到家，好吗？）He insisted on it that he was innocent.（他坚持说自己是无辜的。）I leave it to your own judgement whether you
42、 should do it.（我让你自己判断这事是否该做。）We owe it to you that there wasnt a serious accident.（多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。）(4) 某些表示“喜怒哀乐”的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate, dislike, prefer, appreciate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句；或者当它们后接if从句或when从句，通常应先在动词后接it作形式宾语。I dont like it that hes so lazy.（我不喜欢他那么懒惰。）I dont like it when shop assistants
43、follow me around. 我不喜欢店员跟在我后面.I hate it if you say such things in public. 我讨厌你在大庭广众之下说那样的事。He hates it when people talk with their mouths full.他讨厌别人边说话边吃东西。Id prefer it if I didnt have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作那就太好了。I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it. 感激。(5. )用于 have
44、it that(说，认为)，take it that(认为)等个别固定表达中。如：I take it (that) you agree. 我以为你同意了。Report has it that about 30 people were killed in the accident.据报道.注意：若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现简化宾语从句的方法精品.方法一：当
45、主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him. We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式
46、”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the window. She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordere