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1、Anatomical Planes Anatomical position Axial-(Horizontal or Transverse) - divides the body into upper and lower segments Coronal (Frontal)-divides the body into front and back sections Sagittal - divides the body into left and right sections Median - divides the body into equal left and right parts M
2、edial- closer to the midline Basic Terminology Lateral- farther from the midline Proximal- closer to a point of reference (extremity) Distal- farther from a reference point (extremity) Inferior- lower part or below a specific location Superior- upper part or above a specific location Lateral Medial
3、Proximal (closer to) Distal (farther from) Inferior to Superior to Caudal - the tail or towards the tail Anterior - the front section or towards the front Posterior - the back section or towards the back Cranial - the head or towards the head Ventral - the front or anterior surface Dorsal - the back
4、 or posterior surface Basic Terminology Cranial Caudal Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral The FUN CTI O N AL UN I T of the spine Comprised of: Two adjacent vertebrae Intervertebral disc Connecting ligaments Two facet joints and capsules The Motion Segment Basic Vertebral StructuresBasic Vertebral Str
5、uctures CervicalThoracicLumbar Anterior Arch Vertebral body Anterior 1/3 pedicles Vertebral Arches Posterior Arch Posterior 2/3 pedicles and posterior elements Arches form the vertebral foramen Vertebral Structures Body Pedicle Lamina Superior Articular Process Spinous Process Transverse Process Ver
6、tebral Foramen Vertebral Structures Articular processes Superior Articular ProcessPars interarticularis Inferior Articular Process Zygapophyseal Joint (Facet Joint) Pars Intervertebral Disc Vertebral Structures End Plate Apophyseal Ring Cartilaginous Bony Vertebral Structures Pedicle notches Slight
7、Notch Deep Notch Intervertebral Foramen Intervertebral foramen Nerve roots exit Cervical (7 vertebrae) Upper cervical: C1-C2 Lower cervical: C3-C7 Regions of the Spine Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) Thoracic (12 vertebrae) Lumbar (5 vertebrae) Cervical LORDOSIS Curvatures of the Spine Thoracic KYPHOSIS
8、Lumbar LORDOSIS Upper Cervical Vertebrae Atlas (C1) Articulates with skull (C0) and Axis (C2) Axis (C2) Articulates with C1 and C3 Lower Cervical Vertebrae C3 to C7 Subaxial Normal lordosis is 20 to 40 Bifid spinous process (not C7) Disc at every level C7: Vertebra Prominens Lower Cervical Vertebrae
9、 C3 to C6 Lower Cervical Vertebrae C3 to C6 Thoracic Vertebrae Body - heart shaped (axial view) Vertebral foramen - round Pedicles - small in diameter Lumbar Vertebrae Body -“kidney” shaped Pedicles -longer and wider than thoracic; oval shaped Intervertebral foramen -large, but with increased incide
10、nce of nerve root compression Fibrocartilaginous joint of the motion segment Makes up the length of the spinal column Present at levels C2-C3 to L5-S1 Allows compressive, tensile, and rotational motion Intervertebral Disc Intervertebral Disc Annulus Fibrosus Outer portion of the disc Lamellae Great
11、tensile strength Made up of lamellae Annulus Fibrosus Layers of collagen fibers Arranged obliquely 30 Reversed contiguous layers Intervertebral Disc Nucleus Pulposus Nucleus Pulposus Inner structure Gelatinous High water content Resists axial forces Intervertebral Disc Spinal Ligaments Bands or shee
12、ts of tough, fibrous tissue that connect bones, cartilage, or other structures Become active when stressed to maximum range of motion Protect the joints from being hyperflexed Ligaments Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Spinal Muscles Spinal muscles can
13、 be classified into anterior and posterior groups Subclassified into superficial, middle, and deep layers Attached to bone by tendons Active structures that provide motion Spinal Nerves Ventral roots (anterior) Motor Cell body in spinal cord Dorsal roots (posterior) Sensory Cell body in dorsal root
14、ganglia Peripheral nerve Spinal Nerve Structures Dura mater Strong, gray colored connective tissue Subdural space Arachnoid layer Highly vascular (spider web) Subarachnoid space (CSF) Pia mater Highly vascular Cervical Arteries Carotid arteries (2) Anterolateral of vertebral bodies Enter through for
15、amen lacerum Aorta Thoracic Ascending, aortic arch, descending Abdominal Common iliac (bifurcation at L4) Femoral External iliac Middle sacral Internal iliac Iliolumbar Thoracic and Lumbosacral Arteries Segmental Arteries T4 to sacrum at each level from aorta Intercostal branch Posterior branch Spin
16、al branch Anterior spinal artery Perforating arteries Cervical Veins Internal jugular External jugular Anterior jugular Superior vena cava Segmental veins Inferior vena cava Common iliac veins Thin-walled, easily injured Azygous vein Hemiazygous vein Thoracic and Lumbosacral Veins Thoracic and Lumbosacral Veins Network of veins in spinal canal Part of the azygous network Patient positioning is important Excessive bleeding with abdominal pressure