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1、2人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系核心单词名词balance平衡；blanket毛毯； conservation保存，保护； ecology生态，生态学；energy能源，能量；evolution 进化，演变；fuel燃料；garbage 垃圾； litter 垃圾； poison毒药，毒物；pollution 污染；protection保护； rubbish垃圾，废弃物； waste废料，废物，垃圾气候与天气：climate n气候；degree n度；downpour n倾盆大雨；forecast n& v预报；预测；frost n霜；haze n霾；mist n薄雾；plus adj.零度
2、以上；rainbow n虹，彩虹；rainfall n下雨，降雨量；minus adj.小于零的；shower n阵雨，淋浴；smog n烟雾；storm n风暴，暴风雨；thunder n雷，雷声；thunderstorm n雷雨，雷暴；warmth n温暖；centigrade adj.摄氏度的；chilly adj.寒冷的；cloudy adj.多云的，阴天的；damp adj.潮湿的；foggy adj.有雾的；freezing adj.冰冻的，极冷的；icy adj.结冰的； mild adj.温和的，暖和的；snowy adj.雪白的，下雪多的，被雪覆盖的；freeze v结冰，使
3、冻住；melt v融化动词blow击，打击，吹；pollute 污染；pour 倾泻，不断流出；preserve 保护；prevent阻止；protect保护；replace代替，取代；threaten恐吓，威胁；litter乱扔(垃圾)形容词bare裸露的，光秃的；pleasant使人愉快的；poisonous有毒的；primitive原始的，上古的；extinct灭绝的 重点短语solar energy/power太阳能；take action/measures to do sth 采取措施做某事；make a difference有影响；result in导致；raise ones aw
4、areness of唤起某人的意识；take care of照顾经典句式1. As far as Im concerned, its everyones duty to protect the environment.2Effective measures have been taken to control air pollution.3Now more and more people become aware that the present environment has much to do with what we have done to the earth.4Its import
5、ant to keep the balance of the nature.5. Forest destruction, water and air pollution result in decrease of planting land and increase of unpleasant weather.6Whats more, every citizen should realise the seriousness of the problem and make concerted efforts to protect our environment.7The earth is our
6、 home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generations.8On the one hand, wed better launch a campaign to raise peoples awareness of environmental protection.9On the other hand, do what we can to influence people around us to go to work or school on foot or by bike.
7、10And even the simplest activities can make a real difference to the environment.巩固自评(2019天津卷改编)How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical mod
8、els of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single
9、 prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of one
10、of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be
11、unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other speciesincluding species they did not directly attac
12、k.And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance
13、.Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists say, beca
14、use once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.1What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs? AThe living habits of species in food webs. BThe rules governing food webs of the ecosystems. CThe approaches to studyi
15、ng the species in the ecosystems. DThe differences between weak and strong links in food webs.2What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline? AThe prey species they directly attack will die out. BThe species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators. CT
16、he living environment of other species will remain unchanged. DThe populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.3What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4? AUncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems. BRapid economic development threatens animal hab
17、itats. CSpecies of commercial value dominate other species. DIndustrial activities help keep food webs stable.4How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance? ABy getting illegal practices under control. BBy stopping us from killing large predators. CBy bringing the broken-
18、down ecosystems back to normal. DBy signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.根据句意和所给的汉语提示写出单词的正确形式1What makes the populations of different _(物种) the way they are?2In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size
19、of populations of other speciesincluding species they did not _(直接) attack.3Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a _(崩溃) or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式1To find an answer, s
20、cientists have built mathematical models of food webs, _(note) who eats whom and how much each one eats.2With such models, scientists have found out some key _(principle) operating in food webs.3When a predator always eats huge numbers of a single prey, the two species are _(strong) linked.4Food web
21、s may _(dominate) by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.5And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey _(recover).6The weak links may thus keep species from driving
22、 one another _ extinction.7Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, _ small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.8In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a _(surprise) amount of control over
23、the size of populations of other speciesincluding species they did not directly attack.9And unplanned human activities have proved _ idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.10Scientists _(build) an early-warning system based on mathematical models.根据句意和所给汉语完成句子1Most food webs, for instance, _(由组成) many weak links rather than a few strong ones.2_(为了找到一个答案), scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.3When a predator lives on various species, _(它们之间的联系就很弱).