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1、Chapter 4,Conversion,Conversion,Definition Examples She singled him out at once as a possible victim. (adjv) He elbowed forward through the crowd. (nv) It was a beautiful win. (vn),Conversion,Conversion is to use words of one class as those of different classes. Conversion is the change of word-clas
2、s in actual use. Other names: functional shift = change of functions zero-derivation = derivation by adding zero affix,Conversion,Continental quilts simplify bed-making. (simple simple + -ify) She singled him out at once as a possible victim. (single single),Conversion,Conversion involves mainly thr
3、ee classes of words: nouns verbs adjectives.,Conversion,1. Conversion to N (nouns) V to N (1) State (of mind or sensation) He has a deep love for his country. (2) Event or activity The class has decided to have a swim in the afternoon.,Conversion,(3) Result of the action The fishermen were very happ
4、y to have a good catch this time. (4) Doer of the action The boy is such a bore. It seems he never speaks. (5) Tool or instrument to do the action with Better hammer the nail in.,Conversion,(6) Place of the action This road is dangerous, for it has many sharp turns.,Conversion,Phrasal verbs to N (no
5、uns) hand out 分发 hand-out 施舍物/印刷品 stand by 旁观stand-by 备用(人员/物) lay by 储存/备用lay-by 路侧停车处 shut down关闭shut-down 关闭 right-branching,Conversion,Phrasal verbs to N (nouns) break out outbreak fall downdownfall flow overoverflow cry out outcry left-branching,Conversion,A to N (1) Full conversion common adje
6、ctives a white a liberal drinkables necessaries participles and others a drunknewly-weds bests worsts,Conversion,Characteristics: An adjective is treated as a common noun. It can be changed into singular by taking article a or into plural forms by taking -s.,Conversion,(2) Partial conversion the poo
7、r, the poorer, the poorest the more affluent, the most corrupt In partial conversion, an adjective functions as a noun but it keeps the adjective features: A. it should be used with the article the; B. it can be used in different degrees.,Conversion,Examples: Come to the fire and have a warm. Poor i
8、nnocents! The old man is the poorest among the poor. The young should not look down upon the old.,Conversion,Miscellaneous conversion Would you like a with or a without. (preposition) Better to be an also-ran than a never-was. (past form) His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (conjunction),Co
9、nversion,Life is full of ups and downs. (particles) Rubber gloves are a must if your skin is sensitive to washing powders. (modal verb) Patriotisms, nationalisms, and any other isms youd like to name. (suffix),Conversion,2. Conversion to V (verbs) N to V Seven types of meaning of V converted from N:
10、 (1) To put in or on N The thief was pocketing the money from the drawer when the host came in. (to put the money into the pocket),Conversion,(2) To give N or to provide with N Now the scientists are busy fueling the rocket. (to provide the rocket with fuel) (3) To remove N from The monkey knows how
11、 to peel bananas before eating them. (to remove the peel from bananas),Conversion,(4) To do with N People there have to pump water from deep wells. (to get water with pumps) (5) To be or act as N Each supervisor tutors three post-graduate students. (to act as tutors),Conversion,(6) To make or change
12、 into N You can fool some of the people all the time, and all the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time. (Loncoln) (to change them into fools),Conversion,(7) To send or go by N Bush helicoptered to Iraq stealthily. (to go by helicopter) The goods will be shipped to
13、 Shanghai. (to send by ship) All the verbs converted from nouns are transitive except type (7), which includes intransitive use.,Conversion,suffix (v) The function of the bound morphemes when suffixed to nominals To noun the process, ,Conversion,A to V Meaning of verbs converted: He walked carefully
14、 so as not to wet his shoes. (to make wet) vt The photograph yellowed with age. (to become yellow) vi,Conversion,Two men carrying a wooden keg emptied its contents into the opening. The play was over and the auditorium began to empty. Most verbs converted from A can be used both transitively and int
15、ransitively. Transitive verbs are not many and intransitive verbs are few.,Conversion,Miscellaneous conversion The intellectuals are muched again. (adverb to V) We downed a few beers. (particle to V) She will off and do her own thing. (Particle to V),Conversion,But me no buts. (conjunction to V) The
16、 engineers ahed and ouched at the new car. (Onamatopeic word to V),Conversion,3. Changes Changes are few, but the few changes are found mainly in pronunciation and spelling. (1) Voiceless to voiced consonant Noun Verb house /-s/ house /-z/ use /-s/ use /-z/ mouth /-/ mouth /-/ shelf /-f/ shelve /-v/ heath /-/ sheathe /-/,Conversion,(2) Vowel change NounVerb breath /e / breathe /i: / bath /: / bathe /ei /,Conversion,(3) Initial to end stress NounVerb conduct conduct extractextract permitpermit,