1、College English Grammar:College English Grammar:Grammar and WritingBy Zhu XiangjunUnit 1Basic parts of a sentence(I)Grammar:Grammar:1.Subject and predicate1.Subject and predicate 2 2Hard-to-find subjects Hard-to-find subjects Writing:Writing:Correcting:Correcting:Sentence fragments Sentence fragment
2、s Rewriting:Rewriting:Sentence combining strategiesSentence combining strategiesSubject and predicate A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.Every sentence has two basic parts,a subject and a predicate.The subject is the naming part of the sentence,representing the person,p
3、lace,or thing that performs the action of the verb or expressing the condition or state of the verb.Subjects are nouns and other forms that can function as nouns,such as pronouns,clauses,infinitives and gerunds.A subject usually comes first in a sentence.It is the topic about which the speaker or wr
4、iter is speaking or writing.For example,1)1)My grandfather My grandfather bought the car many years ago.bought the car many years ago.2)2)The car The car was bought many years ago by my was bought many years ago by my grandfather.grandfather.Fill in the blanks:Fill in the blanks:1)1)My grandfather M
5、y grandfather bought the car many years ago.bought the car many years ago.2)2)The car The car was bought many years ago by my grandfather.was bought many years ago by my grandfather.In my garage,there is an old car._.It is a Cadillac,a very classical luxury car,manufactured in 1966.The car has 65.00
6、0 original miles on it,but sitting in a damp garage for most of its life didnt do many favors for it.Fill in the blanks:Fill in the blanks:1)1)My grandfather My grandfather bought the car many years ago.bought the car many years ago.2)2)The car The car was bought many years ago by my grandfather.was
7、 bought many years ago by my grandfather.In my garage,there is an old car.It is my In my garage,there is an old car.It is my grandfathers gift for my grandmother.grandfathers gift for my grandmother._.In order to buy this car,my _.In order to buy this car,my grandfather had been saving his money for
8、 quite a grandfather had been saving his money for quite a few years.He worked as a truck driver for a local few years.He worked as a truck driver for a local grocery chain,and supported a big family on his grocery chain,and supported a big family on his salary.Needless to say,money was pretty hard
9、to salary.Needless to say,money was pretty hard to come by that time.According to my grandmother,at come by that time.According to my grandmother,at the end of the day he would come home and empty the end of the day he would come home and empty his space change into a jar beside the bed.When his spa
10、ce change into a jar beside the bed.When the jar was full,he would take it to the band.the jar was full,he would take it to the band.Predicates Predicates are verbs.A predicate is the doing or are verbs.A predicate is the doing or being part of the sentence,expressing the action or being part of the
11、 sentence,expressing the action or state of being of the subject.The predicate,often state of being of the subject.The predicate,often coming after the subject,is the semantic and coming after the subject,is the semantic and grammatical center of a sentence.grammatical center of a sentence.I I bough
12、tbought a house for my parents.a house for my parents.Some of the buried workers Some of the buried workers are are still alive.still alive.The babies The babies grewgrew nervous from the loud noise.nervous from the loud noise.A verbA verb is often made up of more than one word.is often made up of m
13、ore than one word.The verb that expresses the action or state of being The verb that expresses the action or state of being of the subject is called of the subject is called main verbmain verb.The word that.The word that accompany the main verb is called an accompany the main verb is called an auxil
14、iary/auxiliary/helping verbhelping verb,which helps the main verb express,which helps the main verb express mood or time by forming various tenses.mood or time by forming various tenses.George George must be must be playingplaying basketball with them basketball with them now.now.The thief The thief
15、 has been has been caughtcaught in a deserted in a deserted building.building.Auxiliary/helping verbs can not be used alone in a sentence.It must go together with main verbs.Correct the following sentences：Tomorrow will surely better.Tomorrow will surely better.Our campus will more and more beautifu
16、l.Our campus will more and more beautiful.When you opened the window,the room would When you opened the window,the room would immediately bright.immediately bright.Verb can be classified into two:Verb can be classified into two:action verbsaction verbs and and linking verbslinking verbs.An action ve
17、rbAn action verb expresses an action,such as expresses an action,such as do,do,act,make,walk,take,break,react,write,see,say,act,make,walk,take,break,react,write,see,say,buy,buildbuy,build and so on.and so on.A linking verbA linking verb links/joins the subject of a sentence links/joins the subject o
18、f a sentence(often a noun or a pronoun)with a noun,a(often a noun or a pronoun)with a noun,a pronoun,or an adjective that identifies or describes pronoun,or an adjective that identifies or describes the subject.It does not show action,but express the subject.It does not show action,but express the e
19、xistence or state of being of the subject.the existence or state of being of the subject.A noun,a pronoun or an adjective that follows a A noun,a pronoun or an adjective that follows a linking verb is called a linking verb is called a predictivepredictive,which points back,which points back to the s
20、ubject to rename it,to identify it or to describe to the subject to rename it,to identify it or to describe it further.it further.There are eleven linking verbs which are most There are eleven linking verbs which are most frequently used.We can briefly put them into three frequently used.We can brie
21、fly put them into three groups.groups.expressing judgment or change:expressing judgment or change:be,get,turn,provebe,get,turn,proveindicating five senses of humans:indicating five senses of humans:look,feel,smell,look,feel,smell,taste,soundtaste,soundsome others,“GRABS”:some others,“GRABS”:g grow,r
22、ow,r remain,emain,a appear,ppear,b become,ecome,s seemeemExamples：For years her grandfather For years her grandfather waswas one of the town one of the town leaders.leaders.My coat My coat seemedseemed too large.too large.Pineapple sometimes Pineapple sometimes tastestastes better with salt.better w
23、ith salt.Most students Most students feelfeel disappointed with the result.disappointed with the result.The time of his birth The time of his birth remainsremains a mystery to us.a mystery to us.Locating the Subject and Verb1.1.Forest fires are often caused by broken glass.Forest fires are often cau
24、sed by broken glass.2.2.By then,however,in many places the grass had already taken By then,however,in many places the grass had already taken root.root.3.3.A woman you know well will rush towards you.A woman you know well will rush towards you.4.4.Each of the students requested more homework.Each of
25、 the students requested more homework.5.5.The leader of the party was examining the soil near the The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave.entrance to the cave.6.6.It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box.It suddenly occurred to one of the wor
26、kers to open up the box.7.7.Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out.Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out.8.8.To their surprise,the precious parcel was full of stones and To their surprise,the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!sand!9.9.Tony saw me and came and sat at
27、the same table.Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table.10.10.If you park your car in the wrong place,a traffic policeman will If you park your car in the wrong place,a traffic policeman will soon find it.soon find it.2.Hard-to-find subjects 1.1.There/Here be There/Here be Most frequently,a su
28、bject comes first in a sentence and Most frequently,a subject comes first in a sentence and usually goes before a predicate.However,sentences can usually goes before a predicate.However,sentences can be built so that the predicate comes before the subject.be built so that the predicate comes before
29、the subject.One way to make such a sentence is to begin a sentence One way to make such a sentence is to begin a sentence with with therethere or or herehere.Notice the placement of subjects in the.Notice the placement of subjects in the following examples.The subjects are underlined once and follow
30、ing examples.The subjects are underlined once and the predicates twice.the predicates twice.Here Here is is your your ticketticket.Here Here areare the the childrenchildren.There There areare lots of pine lots of pine treestrees in the park.in the park.There will There will bebe an international an
31、international exhibitionexhibition next year.next year.In the sentence patterns“There/Here be”,the predicate“be”can also be replaced by an action verb such as come,live,remain,stand,lie,appear,exist,seem,remain and so on.Here Here comescomes the the busbus.There There goesgoes the little the little
32、boyboy.There There livedlived six bland six bland menmen in a small Indian village.in a small Indian village.There There existedexisted a great a great tribetribe centuries ago.centuries ago.2.Imperative sentences An imperative sentence gives an order/command,or makes a request:The subject you is un
33、derstood.It doesnt need to be stated.Obviously,the word you means the person(subject)being ordered or commanded.ShutShut up!(You)shut up!up!(You)shut up!ShowShow me your passport.(You)show me your passport.me your passport.(You)show me your passport.CloseClose the door behind you.(You)close the door
34、 behind you.the door behind you.(You)close the door behind you.3.Interrogative sentences An interrogative sentence asks a question,usually ending with a question mark.When you build questions,you place a helping/auxiliary verb before the subject and leave a main verb behind.Have Have youyou applieda
35、pplied for the job?for the job?Did Did JimJim finishfinish his project and hand it in early?his project and hand it in early?When did the When did the witnesswitness reportreport the accident?the accident?4.Inverted Sentences An inverted Sentence is a sentence built in the way that the predicate com
36、es before the subject.It serves to add emphasis to the subject.An inverted sentence usually begins with a prepositional phrase.Along country roads Along country roads growgrow many many flowersflowers.On the floor On the floor is is your homework your homework assignmentassignment.Down the steps of
37、the palace Down the steps of the palace walkswalks journalistjournalist.Locating the Subject and Verb1.1.Do not come in unless asked.Do not come in unless asked.2.2.In front of the tower flews a stream.In front of the tower flews a stream.3.3.Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house
38、Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.4.4.Be careful when crossing the street.Be careful when crossing the street.5.5.Is this your cell phone number?Is this your cell phone number?6.6.Away went the crowed one by one.Away went the crowed one by one.7.7.Never be late again next ti
39、me.Never be late again next time.8.8.To each of the neighbors came a reward.To each of the neighbors came a reward.9.9.At the top of the lemon tree there is a sparrows nest.At the top of the lemon tree there is a sparrows nest.10.10.Right from the start there was trouble with the Hubble telescope.Ri
40、ght from the start there was trouble with the Hubble telescope.11.11.“Did you have a good meal?”he asked.“Did you have a good meal?”he asked.12.12.What did she want to repair?What did she want to repair?3.Sentence Fragment Every sentence must have a subject and a verb and must express a complete tho
41、ught.A word group that lacks a subject or a verb and that does not express a complete thought is a sentence fragment.1.Lack of a subject1.Lack of a subject A subject is like a head for a human that you cannot go without A subject is like a head for a human that you cannot go without it.Lack of a sub
42、ject is one of the most common errors in writing.it.Lack of a subject is one of the most common errors in writing.Two solutions are available:Two solutions are available:1)adding a subject to the fragment to make it a complete 1)adding a subject to the fragment to make it a complete sentence;sentenc
43、e;2)combining the fragment with another sentence if the two share 2)combining the fragment with another sentence if the two share a subject.a subject.I looked for a place to turn around.I looked for a place to turn around.But only found a narrow road.But only found a narrow road.I looked for a place
44、 to turn around.But I only found a narrow road.I looked for a place to turn around.But I only found a narrow road.I looked for a place to turn around but only found a narrow road.I looked for a place to turn around but only found a narrow road.I looked for a place to turn around but only to find a n
45、arrow road.I looked for a place to turn around but only to find a narrow road.2.Lack of a complete verb2.Lack of a complete verb A predicate verb is most necessary for a sentence.The error of A predicate verb is most necessary for a sentence.The error of lacking a complete verb can be corrected by:l
46、acking a complete verb can be corrected by:1)adding a complete verb or a helping verb to make the sentence 1)adding a complete verb or a helping verb to make the sentence complete;complete;2)combining the fragment with another sentence.2)combining the fragment with another sentence.I was fully awake
47、 now.I was fully awake now.I wondering what had happened to me.I wondering what had happened to me.I was fully awake now.I was wondering what had happened to me.I was fully awake now.I was wondering what had happened to me.I was fully awake now,wondering what had happened to me.I was fully awake now
48、wondering what had happened to me.Fully awake now,I was wondering what had happened to me.Fully awake now,I was wondering what had happened to me.3.Lack of both a subject and a verb.3.Lack of both a subject and a verb.A group of words without a subject and a verb is only A group of words without a
49、subject and a verb is only a fragment.The error can be corrected by combining a fragment.The error can be corrected by combining it with another sentence.it with another sentence.The Titanic was completed in 1912.The Titanic was completed in 1912.The most luxurious The most luxurious ship of its day
50、ship of its day.The Titanic,the most luxurious ship of its day,was The Titanic,the most luxurious ship of its day,was completed in pleted in 1912.Completed in 1912,the Titanic was the most luxurious Completed in 1912,the Titanic was the most luxurious ship of its day.ship of its day.4.Lack of a main
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