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1、语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词前面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词
2、）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to
3、 master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunning every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特
4、征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hob
5、by（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
6、How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例
7、如：Theyelected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）W
8、e saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty women tea
9、chers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下
10、形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again
11、at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the othe
12、rs, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a
13、 beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He manage
14、d to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to ke
15、ep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year
16、for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad
17、 has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different pa
18、rts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy.We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I
19、have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some s
20、leep. Please give my best regards to your parents.四、选择填空：()1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the manB. The man here nowC. The man who is here nowD. The man is herenow() 2. The weather _.A. wet and coldB. is wet and coldC.notwet and coldD. were wet and cold() 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweetsB.
21、sweetlyC. nicelyD.sweet() 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. latelyB. lateC. latestD. latter()5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. deadB. diedC. dyedD.deaded( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, usB. Us, weC. We, ourD.We, we()7. He found the street much _.A. crowd
22、B. crowdingC. crowdedD. crowdedly() 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. itsB. itC. thatD.thatis() 9. The dog _ mad.A. looksB. is lookedC. is being lookedD. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. thatB. whenC. in whichD.where二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：
23、1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He ofte
24、n reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含
25、：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherbought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复
26、合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。（三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neither nor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the studentsname is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurryup, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still,
27、 however, yet, while, when等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August isthe time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。
28、虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从
29、句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past
30、seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the b
31、oy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：I hope you are very well（）.Im fine, buttired（）. Right now it is the summer vacationand Im helping my Dad on the farm（）. Augustis the hottest month here（）. Itis the time ofyear for the rice harvest, so every day
32、 I work fromdawn until dark.（）Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they growwheat（）. We have a lot of machines on thefarm（）. Although the farm is large, my Dad hasonly two men working for him（）.Buthee
33、mploys more men for the harvest（）.Mybrother takes care of the vegetable garden（）. Itdoesnt often rain in the summer here（）. Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden（）. Every evening we pump water froma well（）. It then runs along channels todifferent parts of the garden（）.Most Saturday evenings ther
34、e is a party, even atharvest time（）. These parties often make usvery happy（）. We cook meat on an open fireoutside（）. Its great（）! Americans eat alot of meat too much in my opinion（）. Someof my friends drink beer（）. Idont,because Ihave to drive home after the party（）.In yourletter you asked about the
35、 time in different areas of theStates（）. There are five different time areas inthe States（）. In my state we are fourteen hoursbehind Beijing time（）. How manydifferenttime areas do you have in China（）?Well, Imust stop and get some sleep（）. Please give mybest regards to your parents（）.三、选择填空：1.Give me
36、 one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.2.A. andB. orC. ifD. soIts the third time that John has been late, _?D. hasnt it3.A. hasnt heB. isnt heC. isnt it_ joyful he was to meet his brother again!D. What an4.A. HowB. WhatC. What aLet us pass, _?C. wont weD. will you5.A. shant weB. shall weI suppo
37、se hes serious, _ ?C. is heD. isnt he6.A. do IB. dont IYou had better not smoke here, _?D. have you7.A. will youB. had youC. shall youTrain as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition.A. thenB. butC. andD. or8. Im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you le
38、ft the room last night.A. andB. butC. soD. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt tooB. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry hasD. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _others enjoy swimming.11. - Do you feel lik
39、e going out _ would you rather have dinner at home?- Id like to go out.A. orB. andC. butD. so12.- “_ is the temperature today?”-“Its 38 degrees.”13.A. WhichB. HowC. How hotD. How high- Your uncle isnt an engineer, is he?- _.D. He is14.A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isntC. No, he is_ friendly _ to everyone
40、!C. How, she isD. What,A. How, is sheB. What, is sheshe is15.Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired.16.A. orB. soC. forD. yetMother _ a dress when she cut her finger.D. made17.A. was makingB. makesC. is makingHe lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.A. butB. andC. orD. yet18. - Id
41、 really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.- _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell meB. If you would say to meC. You will tell meD. Ifyou tell me19.As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred pounds.20.A. yet heB. but heC. andD. he- I thought you had an umbrella.- I had, _ Ive lost
42、 it.21.A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. so_ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room.A. TurningB. To turnC. TurnedD. Turn22. - I dont like chicken _ fish.- I dont like chicken _ Ilike fish very much.B. and, butC. or, andD. or, but23.A. and, and- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- Id like
43、 to, _Im too busy.B. soC. asD. butA. and24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?25.A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwiseShe set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.D. and arrived26.A. arrivingB. to arriveC. having arrived“Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.
44、C.angrilyA. angrilypointingB. andpoint angrilypointedD. and angrily pointed27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.28.A. whomB. whereC. whichD. while_ it with me and Ill see what I can do.D. Leave29.A. When leftB. LeavingC. If you leave- Alice, you feed the bird today, _?-But I fed ityesterday.B. will youC. didnt youD. dont you30.A. do you_ him