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1、非谓语动词是一个较难学的，今天我给大家总结一下非谓语动词的使用和练习，希望大家能把非谓语动词学会非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式是动词的非谓语形式.动词一般在句子中充当谓语.在句中可起名词,形容词 ,副词的作用 ,在句中充当主语,宾语 ,表语 , 补语 ,定语或状语 .即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外 ,可以承担句子的任何成分3 种形式：不定式，分词(现在分词、过去分词) ，动名词1. 非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：(1) 如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.
2、(2) 都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.(3) 都有主动与被动 , “体 ”式 (一般式 ; 进行式 ; 完成式 ) 的变化。例如：He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)Having written the composition, we handed it
3、in.(现在分词的完成式)(4) 都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)We are League members.(谓语动词的主语)We being League member, the work was well done.( 现在分词的逻辑主语)2 、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：(1) 非谓语动词可以有名词作用( 如动词不定式和动名词) ，在句中做主语、宾语、表语。(2) 非谓语动词可以有形容词作用 (如动词不定式和分词
4、) ，在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。(3) 非谓语动词可以有副词作用 ( 如动词不定式和分词 ) ，在句中作状语。(4) 谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制 ; 非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。( 二 )非谓语动词的句法功能：二、非谓语动词用法：( 一 )动词不定式： (to)+do ，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1. 不定式的形式： ( 以动词 write 为例 )否定式： not + (to) do(1) 一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems
5、 to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.(2) 进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.(3) 完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regrette
6、d to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2. 不定式的句法功能：(1) 作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means f
7、ailure to lose your heart.常用句式有：1、 It+be+名词 +to do 。 2、 It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词 +of sb +to do。 4、 It+be+形容词 +for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb. 可作其逻辑主语。(2) 作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to ha
8、ve caught a cold.(3) 作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn,pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer,如果不定式 ( 宾语 )后面有宾语补足语，则用it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式 )后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay he
9、re.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.(4) 作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause,force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，
10、如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema.有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to 的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.(5) 作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，
11、如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent?说明所
12、修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.(6) 作状语：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong ： To save money, every means has been tried.right ： To save money, he has tried every me
13、ans.wrong ： To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right ： To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用 only 放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question
14、 is simple for him to answer.(7) 作独立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.(8) 不定式的省略：保留 to 省略 do 动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.(9) 不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to 。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.( 二 )动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1. 动名词的形式：否定式： not + 动名词(1) 一般式：
15、Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(2) 被动式：He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。(3) 完成式：We remembered having seen the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(4) 完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘 五 曾被 到广州去 。(5) 否定式： not + 名 I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的 告。(6) 复
16、合 构：物主代 ( 或名 所有格 )+ 名 He suggested our trying it once again.他建 我 再 一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英 他 来 多麻 。2. 名 的句法功能：(1) 作主 ：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗 是很有好 的。Collecting stamps is interesting.集 很有趣。当 名 短 作主 常用it 作形式主 。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。(2) 作表 ：In the ant city, th
17、e queens job is laying eggs.在 王国， 后的工作是 卵。(3) 作 ：They havent finished building the dam.他 没有建好大 。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我 必 阻止空气被 染。注意 名 既可作 也可作介 ，如上面两个例句。此外， 名 作 ，若跟有 足 ， 常用形式 it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others.我 取笑他人不好。要 住如下 及短 只跟 名 作 ：enjoy, finish, suggest, avo
18、id(避免 ), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss,consider, admit(承 )， deny( 否 ), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒 ),appreciate( 感激 ), be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help(情不自禁地 ), thinkof, dream of, be fond of, prevent (from),keep from, stop (from),protect fromabout, be engaged in, s
19、pend (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, objecto,tpay attention to, insist on, feel like(4) 作定 ：He cant walk without a walking-stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school?你 学校有游泳池 ?(5) 作同位 ：The cave, his hiding-place is secret.那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on
20、 the radio remains unchanged.他收听收音机新 目的 仍未改 。( 三 ) 在分 ： 在分 既具有 的一些特征，又具有形容 和副 的句法功能。1 、 在分 的形式：否定式： not + 在分 (1) 在分 的主 ： 在分 主 的一般式表示与 所表示的 作同 生，完成式表示的 作在 所表示的 作之前 生，常作状 。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking.他 唱 向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.做完作 ，他开始打 球。(2) 在分 的被 ：一般式
21、表示与 同 生的被 的 作，完成式表示 生在 之前的被 的 作。The problem being discussed is very important.正在被 的 很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告 了好几遍， 个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个 。2. 在分 的句法功能：(1) 作定 ： 在分 作定 ，当分 独做定 ，放在所修 的名 前; 如果是分 短 做定 放在名 后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力
22、了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用 in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为 the man who isspeaking to the teacher.(2) 现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒。Th
23、e present situation is inspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be 与现在分词构成系表结构。(3) 作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave,catch 等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next
24、room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?He kept the car waiting at the gate.他让小汽车在门口等着。(4) 现在分词作状语：作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others.由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语：(If
25、) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语：He went swimming the other day.几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell o
26、n my head.我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without) +名词 (代词宾格 )+ 分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他点着灯睡着了。作独立成分：udging from(by) his appearance, h
27、e must be an actor.从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking, girls are more careful.一般说来，女孩子更细心。( 四 )过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed 构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能：1. 过去分词作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.当
28、选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2. 过去分词作表语：The window is broken.窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：be +过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.(系表 )The window was broken by the boy.(被动 )有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如
29、：boiled water(开水 ) fallen leaves(落叶 )newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)the changed world(变了的世界)这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3. 过去分词作宾语补足语：I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词做with 短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done, they
30、went out to play.工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。4. 过去分词作状语：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因 )Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。( 表示时间 )Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。(表示条件 )Though told of the danger, he still risked
31、his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步 )Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。非谓语动词考点分析1.The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until1919.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、 D
32、; 因 B 选项表 “将要被举行 ”意，不合题干之用，只有C 选项 ( 相当于 which was first played)才合用。2.European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sportin the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make析： B、 C 是谓语动词，在此不可用。D 项 to make 或表目的，或表“将要使得 ”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making, 可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：The bus was held up by
33、 the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。3.Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D 应排除。 Take 后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。4.John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to b
34、e washing析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。5.The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、 D 两项 ; 又根据非谓语动词的否定式 not 总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定 C。6. I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?A.to try
35、going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B 项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。7._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、 D 皆为错
36、误形式。A 项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C 项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C 为正确答案。8.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented析：consider表 “考虑 ”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑 ”，而表 “认为”，这时据此可排除consider 后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为 to do,to have done,to be 等形式。B、D 两个选项。
37、又因 A 表 “要发明 ”意，不合题用，只有 C 表 “发明了 ”意，才合题用，故选C。9.Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa.A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited析： “被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B 不可用。 D 项少引导词who ，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C 也应排除，只有A.invited(=who were invited)才是正确答案。10.The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied析： B 表主动意，应排除。C 表 “将要被捆绑 ”， A 表 “正在被捆绑 ”都不合题意，只有 D 项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着 ”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句：Hecame in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。