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1、HISTORY RECORD,What is history record,The clinical record documents the patients history and physical findings. It shows how clinicians assess the patient, what plans they make on the patients behave, what actions they take, and how the patient responds to their efforts .,Importance of history recor
2、d,1. Diagnosis and treatment purpose An accurate, clear, well organized record reflects and facilitates sound clinical thinking. It leads to good communication among the many professionals who participate in caring for the patient 2. Teaching and research purpose 3. Medicolegal purposes,How to make
3、a good history record,When creating a record, you do more than simply make a list of what the patient has told you and what you have found on examination. You must review your data, organize them, evaluate the importance and relevance of each item, and construct a clear, concise, yet comprehensive r
4、eport.,How to make a good history record,1. Order is imperative 2. Keep items of history in the history 3. Describe specifically any pertinent negative information 4. Data not recorded are data lost 5. Use short words instead of long and probably fancier ones when they mean the same thing 6. Be obje
5、ctive 7. You should write the record as soon as possible,Basic requirement for the history record,1. To be well organized and canonical 2. No much erasion and gride could be done in the history record 3. To be objective and accurate 4. Using professional term to record instead of folksay 5. Remember
6、 to have your signature,A. Outline of case record,1. Biographical data Biographical information of patient should include his full name, age (date of birth), sex, race, occupation, nationality, marital status and permanent home address. Also, the date of admission, the time at which you took the his
7、tory, the source of history and estimate of reliability should be involved. 2. chief complaint The chief complaint consists of main symptom(s) and duration. It should constitute in a few simple words the main reasons why the patient consulted doctor and should be state as nearly as possible in the p
8、atients own wards. In general, the chief complaint should include age, sex, complaint, and duration of the complaint. It should no included diagnostic terms or disease entities. For example:” This 70-year old man has had short breath for a week.”,3. History of present illness (HPI) The history of pr
9、esent ill ness should be a well-organized, sequentially developed elaboration of his chief complaint(s) on its various characteristics: date of onset, character of complaint, mode of onset, course and duration, location, relationship to other symptoms, bodily function and activities, exacerbation an
10、d remissions, and effect of treatment. 4. Past history (PH) It should include a review of all past ill nesses, surgical procedures, and injuries, and allergy history (medicine, food), which are particularly related to the present illness.,5. Review of system (ROS) The purpose of sys tem review is tw
11、ofold: a thorough evaluation and a double check prevent omission of significant data relative to the present illness. The review is a comprehensive account of all complaints referable to each body system progressing in a logical manner from the head toward the feet, including respiratory system, car
12、diovascular system, digestive system, Urinary system, hemopoietic system, endocrine system, nervous system and skeletal system. 6. Personal history (social and occupational history) It includes personal habits (smoking, alcohol drinking), business life, sex life, occupation (exposure to certain irri
13、tating agents), condition of work.,7. Marital history It includes data concerning the health of mate, sexual adjustment, the number of children and their Physical status, and the general social adjustment within the family. 8. Menstrual history ( for female patients) Age of onset, interval between p
14、eriods, duration, amount and character of flow, concomitant symptoms, date of last menstruation, age of menopause. 9. Childbearing (reproductive) history Age and date of pregnancy(ies) and childbirth(s). Date of artificial or natural abortions, stillbirths, operative delivery, puerperal fever. Metho
15、d of family planning, the possible factors of infertility (also for male patients).,10. Family history (FH) The health status of the patients family (mother, father, siblings and children) and if died, the age and cause of death should be recorded, such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, obesity, al
16、lergic disorders, coronary artery disease and mental illness. 11. Physical examination (PE) The recording of Physical examination should follow a logical sequence as follows: vital signs, general status, skin, nodes, head, neck, chest, lungs, heart and blood vessels, abdomen, genitalia, rectum, spin
17、e and extremities, nervous reflexes. 12. Laboratory tests and instrumental examination The findings of them onkly serve to confirm what you have found on history and Physical examination. The routine laboratory studies include blood, urine and stool tests, electrolytes, X-rays and ECG.,13 Summary 14
18、. Primary diagnosis As the results of differential analysis of a number of significant data, a primary diagnosis could be established. It consists of etiologic diagnosis, pathological diagnosis, pathophysioloical diagnosis (stage or period and classification or subtype), cardiac or/and pulmonary fun
19、ction and complication(s). 15.signature,BOutline of Summary,Name, gender, age and occupation Admission date Ahief complains Present history(70%-80% percent of the original present history ) Simplified document of the original past history(only positive data recruited) Very simplified document of the
20、 original personal and family history Physical examination: vital signs, important positive and negative signs, especially valuable information for differentiation, but you can not omit such important items as heart/lung/abdominal examination. Positive laboratory and instrumental results,Example of
21、case record,Biographical data: NameLUO LEN SHENG Age: 30 Sex: M Marital status: Married Native place: China Race: Han Occupation : Mechanic Date of Admission date: 2003/11/16 Statement: patient herself,Chief complaint: recurrent abdominal pain and melena for more than one year History of present ill
22、ness: Mr. luo has been suffered from abdominal pain and recurrent melena since 2002, began on May 2,2002 he had upper abdominal pain and melena first time, with no any inducement factors, obscure upper abdominal pain happened with no radiation, no belching ,no vomiting, no fever and tremor. Pain was
23、 hungry pain and can be relieved by antacid agent or by meal. Melena occurred three times a day, about 250g each time, continuing for 5 days with little fatigue, no hematomeses. He went to the local county,hospital on the third day of melena, where he received gastroscopy that showed duodenal bulb u
24、lcers with bleeding. Then he was administered Omeprazole (PPI) intravenously for 6 days, 40mg each time, twice a day (Bid). On the second day of treatment, the melena disappeared . On Nov. 15, 2003, without any inducement he had melena again 3 times a day and 250-500gm. Every time accompanied with f
25、atigue and timed but no dizziness and syncope. This time he went to the second Peoples hospital. He took PPI but didnt receive gastroscopy. After receiving PPI., melena disappear. But the OB(occult blood) test was still positive. The next day he was shifted to 1st affiliated hospital of Guangxi Medi
26、cal University and received further examination and treatment. The general condition is good and work is not affected in any way since he had such a disease.,Past history: Previous health status: Well ordinary bad infectious disease Immunizations allergies: N Y clinical manifestation: allergen Traum
27、a history: surgery history: Review of systems: (Tick if positive, cross out if negative. If positive, you should write down your disease history and brief course of diagnose and therapy),Review of systems: (Tick if positive, cross out if negative. If positive, you should write down your disease hist
28、ory and brief course of diagnose and therapy) Respiratory system: sore throat chronic cough sputum hemoptysis wheezing dyspnea chest pain,Cardiovascular system: palpitation dyspnea on exertion hemoptysis syncope edema of lower limbs precordial pain hypertention Digestive system: anorexia sour regurg
29、itation belching nausea vomit abdominal distention abdominal pain constipation diarrhea hematemesis melena hematochezia jaundice Urinary system: lumbago frequent micturition urgent micturition urodynia dysuria hematuria nocturia polyuria oliguria facial edema,Hemopoietic system: fatigue dizziness bl
30、urred vision gingival bleeding subcutaneous hemorrhage ostealgia epistaxis Metabolic and endocrine system: excessive appetite anorexia sweets cold intolerance olydipsia polyuria tremor hands change of character obvious obesity emaciation hairiness hair losing pigmentation change of sexual function a
31、menorrhea Musculoskeleton system: floating arthralgia arthralgia swelling of joints deformities myalgia atrophy of muscle,Nervous system: dizziness headache vertigo syncope degeneration of memory visual disturbance insomnia disturbance of consciousness tremor spasm paralysis paresthesia Personal his
32、tory: birthplace occupation sexual history: N Y smoking: N Y about yrs average pieces/d ceased for yrs alcohol intake: N occasional frequent about yrs average ml/d others: Maritial history: marrying age companions state of health,Menstruation and Childbering history: menarche age - date of last peri
33、od (age of menopause) amount of flow: little normal large menstrual pain: N Y cycle: regular irregular pregnancy: times natural labor times abortions times premature delivery times stillbiriths times difficult labor and its condition: Family history: (pay attention to the congenital diseases and com
34、municable diseases related to the patient) father: still alive illness died cause of death mother: still alive illness died cause of death siblings: others:,Physical examination Vital signs: T 36 P 70 /min R 20 /min Bp 110 /70 mmHg General Appearance: development: ortho-sthenic type asthenic type st
35、henic type nutrition: well fairly poor cachexia facial features: normal acute chronic others expressions: natural painful anxious dreadful indifferent position: active semi-recumbent others gait: normal abnormal consciousness:aware somnolence confusion stupor coma delirium cooperation:well badly,Ski
36、n, mucous membrane: color: normal red pale cyanosis yellow pigmentation rash: N Y (type and distribution) subcutaneous hemorrhage: N Y (type and distribution) hair: normal scattering losing (position) moisture and temperature: normal cold dry wet elasticity: normal reduced edema: N Y (position and d
37、egree) hepatic palm: N Y spider angioma: N Y (position numbers) others:,Lymph nodes: superficial lymph nodes: non-swelling swelling (position and characteristics) Head: cranium:size:normal large small deformity: N Y(oxycephaly squared skull deforming skull) others: tenderness mass sunk (position ) e
38、yes: eyelid: normal edema ptosis trichiasis conjunctive: normal hyperemia edema hemorrhage eyeball: normal exophthalmos depression tremor motion dysfunction (left right),sclera: normal yellow cornea: normal abnormal (left right ) pupils: equal roundness same size unequal left cm, right cm reaction t
39、o light: normal delay (left right ) disappear (left right ) others: ears: auricle: normal deformity fistula others (left right ) excretions of external canal: N Y (left right feature ) tenderness of mastoid: N Y (left right ) audition dysfunction: N (left right ) nose: shape: normal abnormal( ) othe
40、r abnormalities: N Y nasal flap obstruction excretions nasal sinus tenderness: N Y (position ),mouth: lips: red cyanosis pale herpes fissure mucous: normal abnormal (pale bleeding) opening of parotid gland duct: normal abnormal (swelling pyogenic excretions) tongue: normal abnormal (coverings tremor
41、 leaning to left or right ) gums: normal swelling pus overflow hemorrhage pigments teeth: regular edentulous carious teeth false tooth tonsils: pharynx: voice: normal hoarse,Neck: resistance: N Y carotid artery pulsation: normal increased decreased (left right) jugular vein: normal distention high d
42、istention trachea: middle deviation to (left right) hepatojugular reflux: (-) (+) thyroid: normal swelling degree symmetry dominance in one side: spreading nodular: soft hard others: N Y (tenderness tremor bruits ),Chest: topography: normal barrel chest flat chest pigeon chest funnel chest bulging o
43、r retraction (left right) bulging in the precordial region tenderness of sternum breast: normal symmetrical abnormal: left right (gynecomastia mass tenderness) excretions of nipples ),Lung: inspection: movement of respiration: normal abnormal: left right (increased decreased) intercostals space: nor
44、mal wide narrow (position ) palpation: vocal fremitus: normal abnormal: left right (increased decreased) pleural friction rubs: N Y (position ) percussion: resonance abnormal: dullness flatness hyperresonance tympany lower borders: scapular line: right intercostals space left intercostals space rang
45、e of mobility: right cm, left cm,auscultation: breath: regular irregular breath sound: normal abnormal (feature, position ) rales: N Y: rhonchi: sonorous sibilant moist rales: coarse medium fine rales crepitus vocal conduction: normal abnormal: reduced increased Pleural friction rubs: N Y (position
46、),Heart: inspection: bulging in precordial region: N Y apex impulse: normal unseen increased diffusing poisition: normal deviation (the distance from midclavicular line cm) other precordial pulsations: N Y (position ) palpation:apex impulse: normal increased thrust unclear thrills: N Y (position per
47、iod ) pericardial friction rubs N Y percussion: relative cardiac outline: normal shrink extant (right left),Normal boundary of the heart right(cm) intercostals space left(cm) 2-3 2-3 2-3 3.5-4.5 3-4 5-6 distance from anterior midline to the left midclavicular line(cm):,auscultation: heart rate bpm/m
48、in rhythm (regular irregular absolutely irregular) heart sound: S1 normal increased decreased split S2 normal increased decreased S2 split: normal fixed paradoxical S3 N Y S4 N Y A2 P2 extra heart sound: N gallop (diastolic presystolic summation gallop) opening snap others murmurs: N Y,Location: api
49、cal region aortic area pulmonary area tricuspid area left sternal border in 3nd intercostals space Others Timing: systolic diastolic both Quality: blowing rumbling sighing musical Austin Flint Graham Steell Gibson Intensity: Grade Transmission: N Y direction to left axilla over the apex over the carotid arteries Pericardial friction rubs: N Y,Peripheral vessels: normal pistol shot: N Y Duroziez sig