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1、定语从句精讲精练02 4.定语从句的种类以及区别1.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，现将它们之间的用法及区别列表如下限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系密切（删去后，影响整个句子意义的表达）和先行词的关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删去后不影响整个句子意义的表达）不用逗号分开一般使用逗号分开可用关系代词that引导不可用关系代词that引导可以省略（that，who，which在从句中担当宾语时可以省略）不可以省略可以替代（whom作宾语时，可用who或that替代）不能替代只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定语从句前有逗号分开，只
2、能用which或as引导。请看下面例句的不同含义：限制性：她有两个当解放军的儿子。She has two sons who are P.L.A.men.(Maybe she has other sons who are not P.L.A.men.)非限制性：她有两个儿子，他们都是解放军。She has two sons，who are P.L.A.men.(She has only two sons.They are both P.L.A.men.)体会下列非限制性定语从句Yesterday I met Li Ping，who seemed to be busy.昨天我遇到了李平，他看起来很
3、忙。We will put off the meeting until next week，when we wont be so busy.我们将把会议推迟到下周举行，到那时我们就不会这么忙了。2.关系代词which与as引导定语从句的区别which与as都可以引导定语从句，但它们有许多用法上的区别，现就此简要分析如下：1)which与as引导非限定性定语从句的区别：which只能放在主句后面，而as引导的从句位置相对较灵活，可在前，可在后。如：As he realized，I was very useful to him.（在前）正像他所意识到的那样，我对他非常有用。Air，as we kn
4、ow，is a gas.（在中）空气，众所周知，是一种气体。He was a foreigner，as I know from his accent.(在后)他是个外国人，正像我从他的口音判断的那样。He came late again，which made his boss angry.（在后）他又来晚了，这一点使得老板很生气。在which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词若是am，is，are，则这些系动词不能省略，而as后面若是这种情况，则可以省略。如：He is a teacher，as (is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)他是个老师，这从他的言谈举止可看清楚。
5、He said he had never seen her before，which was not true.（was 不可省略）他说他从来没见过她，这一点不对。当which引导的从句在意义上近乎并列关系时，可以用and this，and that代替，意思是“这件事”。如：He changed his mind，which (and this，and that)made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。She has married again，which (and this，and that)was unexpected.出乎意料的是，她又结婚了。而as主要起与上
6、下文连接的作用，表达说话人的看法、观点，并指出主句内容的出处或根据等。如：Einstein，as we know，is a famous scientist.爱因斯坦，众所周知，是位伟大的科学家。As is announced in todays newspaper，we must improve our style of work.今天的报纸上说，我们必须改进工作作风。作主语时，which既可以作系动词be的主语，也可以作实义动词的主语，而as只可以作系动词be的主语。如:He married her，which was natural.（可用as代替which）他和她结婚，这是很自然的事。
7、He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry，which made him illustrious.(不可用as代替which)他获得了诺贝尔化学奖，这使他名扬天下。当定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹表示主句所述的内容，不带有“如那样”的意思时，往往用which，而不用as。如：They were invited to the state banquet，which was a great honor to them.他们被邀请参加国宴，这对他们来说是莫大的荣幸。We had to sleep in our wet clothes，which was most unco
8、mfortable.我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡觉，这简直太不舒服了。Mummy always treats me just like a baby，which I cant bear.妈妈老把我当成小孩子对待，这让我无法忍受。当定语从句有“如同那样”的意思时，用as比用which更常见，而这些从句几乎成为固定说法。如：Things will turn out contrary to ones wishes，as is often the case.事与愿违，这是常有的事。As was natural， this inordinate hope was followed by an excessiv
9、e depression.这种过分希望之后，接着是极度的沮丧，是很自然的事。Chaucer is buried in “Poets Corner”，as might have been expected.正如人们已经预料的，乔叟被葬在“诗人角”。The material is elastic，as is show in the figure.这种材料有弹性，如图所示。as we know众所周知as has been said above/before正如前文所述as has been pointed out正如已经指出的as might be imagined可以想像得到当定语从句的关系代词
10、指的是先行词本身时，只能用which。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前种下的，没结出任何果实。The Thames，which is now clean enough to swim in，was polluted for over a hundred years.泰晤士河，现在已经很干净，可以在里面游泳，它曾被污染了一百多年。带介词的典型的定语从句，必须用which，不能用as。如：There is a great deal of oxygen aro
11、und us，without which we could not live.我们周围有许多氧气，没有它我们就无法生存。The shed in our garden，in which we often played，has lasted for a long time.我们经常玩耍的花园里的那个棚子，已经有很长时间了。2)引导限制性定语从句时which与as的区别：先行词如为表示物的名词或代词，在从句中又作介词的宾语时，只能用which。如：This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. 这就是我煮牛奶的锅。前面有as时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as，不
12、用which。如：There are as many dictionaries as are needed.所需要的字典都有了。前面有such时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as,不用which。如：Such women as know Tom thought he was charming.认识汤姆的女人都认为他很迷人。I have never heard such stories as he tells.他讲的那些故事我从没听过。He is not such a man as I expected.他不是我期望的那种人。前面有the same时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as而不用which。如
13、：We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.我们正面临着和多年以前同样的困难。This is the same wallet as I lost.这只钱包与我丢失的那只相同。I have the same trouble as you have.我和你有着同样的困难。总之，which与as引导定语从句的区别要在实践中多体会，体会多了，才能正确运用。5、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致的问题1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数形动词。如：Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies
14、that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克号是在好莱坞拍的最好的电影之一。2.the (only)one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数形动词。如：The Great Wall is the (only)one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.长城是地球上惟一一个从月球上能够看到的建筑。3.当关系代词as或which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as或which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Great changes have taken place i
15、n China，as is known to all.中国发生了巨大的变化，众所周知。4.其他情况I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you.我，你的老师，要尽全力帮助你。To own a colour TV set in each family，which we thought was impossible twenty years ago，now becomes true.每家拥有一台彩电，这在20年前我们认为不可能的事情，现在变成了现实。Have you heard of the persons and things that a
16、re being talked about?你听说了他们谈论的人和事了吗？【考点诠释】定语从句考点1 “介词+关系代词which/whom”中介词和关系代词的选择介词后作宾语的关系代词为历年高考考查的重点，一般来讲有两个：指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。当然关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：The pen with which he wrote was made in China他写字用的钢笔是中国制造的。The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast汤姆到加拿大去时乘坐的火车速度非常快。The teacher
17、 in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students那位老师对他的学生非常有耐心，他家的房子前面有一棵大树。考点2 as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的判定1as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。(1)此时的as意为“正如，正像”。翻译时有时可不必译出。如：You are clever，as all those who know you can see你很聪明，所有认识你的人都能看出来。(2)在句法上，as常用作一些实义动词(如see，know，hear，watch，re
18、member，say，tell，show，expect，guess等)的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。如：As we all know，China is becoming stronger and stronger众所周知，中国正变得越来越强大。(3)as引导的从句可以前置(而which引导的从句则不可)。如：As is a fact，Mike is expected to make a top student这是一个事实，迈克有望成为一名顶尖的学生。特别提示主句中出现the same，such，so修饰先行词时，要选择as作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，此时as引导的是限制
19、性定语从句。另外要注意：(1)the samethat与the sameas引导的定语从句在意义上的区别：前者修饰的名词与原物是同一个东西；而后者修饰的是与先行词同类型的另一样东西。试比较：This is the same bag that I lost yesterday这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。(同一个书包)This is the same bag as I lost yesterday这个书包和我昨天丢失的那个一样。(同类型的另一个)(2)such/soas和such /sothat结构不同，as引导定语从句，而that引导状语从句。如：They talked in such simp
20、le English as children could understand他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。(定语从句，as代替先行词simple English作understand的宾语)He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke他如此用力地关窗，结果玻璃碎了。(结果状语从句，that引导的从句表示用力关窗导致的结果)2which引导的此类从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果。(1)which此时指前面主句所提到的，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。主句与从句通常要用逗号隔开，且从句只能位于被修饰句
21、子的后面。如：He works very well，which makes his boss satisfied他工作干得不错，这使得他的老板很满意。(2)which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。如：She succeeded in the competition，which satisfied her parents她在比赛中取得成功，这使得她的父母很满意。(3)在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which。如：He often works far into the night，by which time everyone else has
22、 left the office他通常工作到深夜，到那时其他人已下班了。特别提示高考一般不考查as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别，但近年高考试题中出现过这个考点。一般来说，如果从句的含义是顺接主句的叙述，那么这两个词都可以使用；如果从句的含义是对主句的否定，或者语意不是顺接的，则只能用which。如：He came late to school，which/as was what we had expected他上学迟到了，这是我们意料中的。He came late to school，which surprised US a11他上学迟到了，这让我们所有人都很惊讶。(不可用as)考点
23、3 关系代词、关系副词引导定语从句的辨别关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；而关系副词在定语从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语。一般来说，关系副词在语义上相当于”介词+which”结构。试比较：Ill never forget the days which I spent with you我不会忘记我们在一起度过的岁月。(which在定语从句中作spent的宾语)Ill never forget the days when(=in which)we studied in Beijing我永远不会忘记我们一起在北京学习的时光。(when在定语从句中作时间状语，studied在此处为不及物动词
24、，后面不再接宾语)考点4 定语从句的间隔现象定语从句一般紧接被它修饰的先行词，但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫做被分隔的定语从句。在这种情况下，对关系词的准确判断显得相当重要，而且在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读时要注意识别。一般来说，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种情况：在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语、定语，或被谓语动词分隔开。如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还
25、记得十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链吗?(先行词one afternoon与定语从句被状语ten years ago分隔开了)A new teacher will eOlTle tomorrow who will teach you German明天，一位新老师将来教你们德语。(先行词a new teacher与定语从句被谓语部分和时间状语will come tomorrow隔开了)关系代词在下列情况下常省略：(1)作及物动词的宾语时；(2)作介词的宾语，当关系代词与介词分开使用时，可以省略。但若是关系代词与介词连用，则不能省略。如：The coat(that)I put o
26、n the desk is blue我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(作动词put的宾语)who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作介词to的宾语)Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel请告诉我你从谁那儿借的这本英文小说。(关系代词不能省略)有些句型结构如同位语从句、状语从句和强调句与定语从句结构较相似，稍不认真就会出错。1定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一一步
27、说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如：He makes a promise that if he Call get the job，he will work hard to make as much money as he can for the eompany他许诺如果他能获得那份工作，他将努力为公司挣尽可能多的钱。(that引导的同位语从句是对先行词a promise的进一步解释和说明)Mikes parents made a special promise to Tom that surprisedTom迈克的父母对汤姆许下了一个特别的诺言，这使得汤姆很惊奇。(that引导的定语从句是对
28、先行词promise的修饰和限制)2定语从句与强调句的区别定语从句和强调句的判断方法：若将句中的“It is/wasthat/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句。如：It was in 1 998 that the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi在1998年，洪水毁坏了江西地区很多的房屋。(强调句)(判断方法：如果去掉it was和that，剩下in 1998 the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi，句子结构完整，可判定原句为强调句)3定语从句与状语从句的区别定语从句在句子中作定语
29、，修饰名词、代词或句子；并且，这个被修饰的名词、代词或句子称为先行词，通常放在定语从句之前。状语从句在句子中作状语，修饰动词；通常不同的状语从句有不同的连词，位置较灵活，通常放在句首或句末，有时也放在句中。以where为例来说明：Lets have a short meeting where we met last time我们在上次见面的地方开个短会吧。(Where we met last time是地点状语从句，在句中作地点状语，表示开会的地方)This is the place where we had a meeting last time这就是我们上次开会的地方。(Where we had a meeting last time是定语从句，在句中作定语修饰the place)