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1、CET 4 -CLOZE,contents,1.完型填空题的设计 2.完型填空题的做题步骤 3.完形填空四大考点及解题技巧 4. 完形填空中常用短语,大学英语四级考试大纲的要求,完形填空是大学英语四级考试的一个组成部分，考试大纲规定,该部分“共20题，考试时间 15分钟，在一篇题材熟悉，难度适中的短文(240-300词)中留出20个空白，每个空白为一题，每题提供四个选择项，要求考生在全面理解文章内容的基础上，选择一个最佳答案,使短文的意思和结构恢复完整。填空的词项包括结构词和实义词。完形填空部分的目的是测试学生综合运用语言的能力”，包括语法概念，词汇运用，篇章结构的理解等综合能力。,一、完型填
2、空题的设计,设计者遵循一定的要求和准则，以保证测试的信度和效度。所给的空有规则的排列，大约在近250字的文章中每隔816字就有一个空格，而且是按照一定的间隔并根据语法或词汇测试的标准设计的。这些空格表面看起来没有什么意义，实际上综合了词汇、语法结构以及阅读理解所要测试的内容，它不仅测试应试者在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试应试者在语篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的。所以难度较大，往往成为学生失分较严重的题项。,一、完型填空题的设计,从内容看，完型填空涉及说明文，议论文等众多文体体裁，而题裁更涉及到社会领域的方方面面，政治、经济、文化、教育、医学、
3、天文、体育、科技等等。所以考生具备大量的背景知识也是格外重要的。,二、完型填空题的做题步骤,完形填空的测试点及解题方法从表面来看，就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词恢复出来。因此，要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。根据完形填空这一测试特点，一般采取以下五个步骤逐一进行。,步骤一，通读全篇，把握总的思想，了解知识背景。,完形填空题在出题时有这样一条准则：去掉20个空不影响对整篇的理解，而且一般而言，短文的前两句话不应设题。我们应该细读文章首句，因为这是我们了解文章的“窗口”。这样，我们就可
4、以判断体裁、把握背景、推测大意、主题或结构。这一点很重要。在阅读文章的过程中，学生积极搜集头脑中已有的相关知识，结合文章内容形成对文章的整体把握，我们称之为图式。图式能够帮助我们对文章内容产生期待，能够简化推断，并在随后的阅读中，不断修正，以求与原文一致。,步骤二，选择答案,有两中选择答案的方法：一，可以不看选项，自己猜测正确答案，然后再在选项当中选择最接近自己猜测的一项。二，可以将选项带入空格内检测。 按照先易后难的原则，即首先选出那些只根据上下文就能确定的直接的明显的答案。这就增强了信心，减轻了心理压力。然后瞻前顾后，不要忘记首尾照应。另外，要牢记文章的中心思想，每个空白处的含义应与前后句
5、的意义联系起来理解。,步骤三，为不确定答案寻找线索,文章前面的空格提出的问题很有可能要到文章的末尾才能找到答案。所以，对于那些难度颇高的空格只有在字里行间寻找线索。一定要上下连贯，合乎逻辑。 步骤四，回头补缺 我们不提倡在一个题上耽误太多的时间。如果有一个不会我们可以暂时放过，继续思路做下面的题，等通篇做完后再回过头来考虑这个选项。切忌，一定要保证思维的连续性和统一性。,步骤五，核实答案 我们可以从以下几方面对所选答案进行核查： 1)所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，使上下文连贯和谐，与全文意义相协调； 2)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配； 3)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时
6、态、语态的特殊要求，如虚拟语气从句中的谓语动词用原形(过去式、过去完成式)； 4)所选词本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。 5)保持自信，不要轻易否定以前选过的选项。必要时对个别答案仍需推敲，发现不妥，要重新考虑，但应慎重，无确实把握，仍应相信第一印象。,三.完形填空四大考点,1)语境词汇题占30% 词义和词形的辨析 2)固定搭配题30% 3)语法结构题20% 4)逻辑推理题20%,1、语境词汇题,1)原词复现 原词复现是指相同的单词在原文中反复出现，达到文章衔接的目的，我们可以利用这种衔接方法找到要填入的单词在原文中的同现词，也就找到了试题的答案。,【真题】
7、 The smokers _a lot. In fact, the non-smokers who must breathe the air polluted by tobacco smoke may suffer more than the smokers themselves. （ 1991 ）A. suffer B. endure C. tolerate D. bear,Wisebuyingisapositivewayinwhichyoucanmakeyourmoneygofurther.The you goabout purchasinganarticleoraservice cana
8、ctuallysaveyoumoneyorcanaddto thecost.(2004.12) A)formalB)way C)methodD)fashion,but it is the subconscious (下意识的) 8 that go to work to dig up a dim memory. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking place. A) deeds B) activities C) movements D) procedures,2)同义词或近义词复现 同义词
9、复现是指相同或相近的单词在原文中反复出现，以达到文章衔接的目的。在完形填空试题中，就可以利用这种衔接方式找到要填入单词的同义词或者近义词，也就找到了试题的答案。这也包括了同源词复现，即相同词根构成的不同词性的单词在文章中反复出现。,ThewayyougoaboutpurchasinganarticleoraservicecanactuallysaveyoumoneyorcanaddtothecostBeforeyoubuy anexpensive ,oraservice,docheck theprice(2004.12) A)item B)element C)particle D)compon
10、ent,3)反义词复现反义词复现是指和前文中词义相反的单词在原文中出现，以达到文章衔接的目的。我们可以利用文章的这一衔接手段在文章中寻找要填入单词的反义词。,Forcingyourselftorecall(almost)never helpsbecauseitdoesnt yourmemory; itonlytightensit. (1995.1)A)loosen B)weaken C)decrease D)reduce,词义与词形的辨析,选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、形近词的关系。Geographers compare and contrast 71 places on the eart
11、h.71. A) similar B) various C) distant D) famous,词汇 第一、 词义辨析 （单词的掌握，基本义） 例1 That “something special” was men creative individuals who could invent machines, find new 75 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. A) origins (由来,出身) B) sources C) bases D) discoveries,第二、 形近词辨异
12、例1 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she 75 everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car. A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed 例2 Following 88 , the man guided the plane toward the airfield. A)
13、impression B) information C) inspections D) instructions 例3 Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never discuss likes and dislikes in front of him or allow 66 else to do so. A everybody B anybody C somebody D nobody,例4 A. encourages(鼓励) B. enables（使能够） C. enforces（强制） D. ensures（
14、确保） 例5 A. attraction(吸引力) B. attention（注意力） C. affection（爱情，亲密） D. motion（动作） 例6 (兼考搭配关系) A. interfered（in干涉） B. interrupted (打断,中断) C. discouraged （from不鼓励做） D. disturbed（打扰，干扰） 例7 A. desired(渴望，想得到) B. revised(修订，修正) C. required（需要，要求） D. deserved （值得，应得）,2、固定搭配题,动词短语 名词短语 形容词短语 介词短语,Theyare offre
15、efreshfruit. Theywanttogetbacktotheirherds andstartfarmingagain. (2007.6)A)seekingB)dreaming C)longingD)searching,Seek for/after Long for Dream of Search for,Take it _69_ granted that he likes everything and he probably will A. with B. as C. over D. for But these various means of communication diffe
16、r in important ways _68_ human language. A. about B. with C. from D. in the great tit(山雀) is a case _77_point. A. in B. at C. of D. for,3、语法结构题,大学英语四级考试完形填空常考的语法项目有：动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、定语从句、宾语从句、虚拟语气、倒装结构等。在近几年的考试中对各种从句的考查频率较多，请大家注意。做这一类题除了要有系统准确的语法知识之外，还要注意上下文的逻辑关系和语篇内容，这样才能确保答案的正确。,“Westartedthinkingof
17、 todoaboutit,”saysEricShashoua,chiefexecutive officerofAxonSleepResearch Laboratories. (2006.6)A)whatB)howC)whetherD)when,4、逻辑推理题,完形填空考查的是一种综合能力，而不仅仅是对词汇和语法的考查。对句子之间逻辑关系的判断也是完形填空考查的重点。逻辑关系主要包括因果关系、列举关系、解说关系、分类关系、比较关系、对照关系等。解答逻辑推理题需要理顺要填入的逻辑关系词前后文的语义，从中判断两句话之间的关系。,OnethirdthoughtColumbusreachedtheNew
18、Worldafter1750.Twothirds cannotcorrectlylocktheCivilWar between1850and1900. whentheygettheanswersright,somearejust guessing.(2004.6)A)EvenB)ThoughC)ThusD)So,The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; , what he needs is to be fitted into a highly
19、 organized university system Otherwise B) moreover C) however D) also,2009年12月四级真题,Older people must be given more chances to learn if they are to contribute to society rather than be a financial burden, according to a new study on population published recently. The current education approach which
20、67 on younger people and on skills for employment is not 68 to meet the challenges of demographic (人口结构的) change, it says. Only 1% of the education budget is 69 spent on the oldest third of the population.,The 70 include the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in 71 , th
21、at there are now more people over 59 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are 72 state pension age. 73 needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of policy attention and resources 74 young people cannot meet the new 75 , says the reports author, Professor Stephen McNair.,The
22、 major 76 of our education budget is spent on people below the age of 25. 77 people are changing their jobs, 78 , partners and lifestyles more often than 79 , they need opportunities to learn at every age 80 , some people are starting new careers in their 50s and later.,People need opportunities to
23、make a midlife review to 81 to the later stage of employed life, and to plan for the transition (过渡) 82 retirement, which may now happen 83 at any point from 50 to over 90, says McNair. And there should be more money 84 to support people in establishing a 85 of identity and finding constructive 86 f
24、or the third age, the 20 or more years they will spend in healthy retired life.,The current people approach which 67 on younger people and on skills for employment is not 68 to meet the challenges of demographic (人口结构的) change, it says. Only 1% of the education budget is 69 spent on the oldest third
25、 of the population. 67. A) operates B) focuses C) counts D) depends 68. A) superior B) regular C) essential D) adequate 69. A) currentlyB) barely C) anxiously D) heavily,The 70 include the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in 71 , that there are now more people over 59
26、 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are 72 state pension age. 70. A) regulations B) obstacles C) challenges D) guidelines 71. A) enjoyment B) retirement C) stability D) inability 72. A) over B) after C) across D) beside, 73 needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of pol
27、icy attention and resources 74 young people cannot meet the new 75 , says the reports author, Professor Stephen McNair. 73. A) Indentifying B) Learning C) Instructing D) Practicing 74. A) at B) by C) in D) on 75. A) desires B) realms C) needs D) intentions,The major 76 of our education budget is spe
28、nt on people below the age of 25. 77 people are changing their jobs, 78 , partners and lifestyles more often than 79 , they need opportunities to learn at every age. 80 , some people are starting new careers in their 50s and later. 76. A) measure B) ratio C) area D) portion 77. A) When B) Until C) W
29、hether D) Before 78. A) neighborsB) moods C) homesD) minds 79. A) age B) ever C) previously D) formerly 80. A) For example B) By contrast C) In particular D) On average,People need opportunities to make a midlife review to 81 to the later stage of employed life, and to plan for the transition (过渡) 8
30、2 retirement, which may now happen 83 at any point from 50 to over 90, says McNair. 81. A) transform B) yieldC) adjust D) suit 82. A) within B) from C) beyond D) to 83. A) unfairlyB) unpredictably C) instantly D) indirectly,And there should be more money 84 to support people in establishing a 85 of
31、identity and finding constructive 86 for the third age, the 20 or more years they will spend in healthy retired life. 84. A) reliable B) considerable C) available D) feasible 85. A) sense B) conscience C) project D) definition 86. A) ranks B) assets C) ideals D) roles,名词与介词的搭配 influence on对的影响impact
32、 on对的影响nothing but 只有；只不过(=only)access to通往的路answer to 的答案；的解决办法solution to 的解决办法barrier to 的障碍(=obstacle to)comment on 对的评论thanks to 由于,形容词与介词的搭配,be busy with 忙于be content with 对满意be in sympathy with 赞同，同情be satisfied with 对感到满意be disappointed with sth. 对感到失望be popular with sb.受到某人的欢迎或喜欢be patient
33、with sb.对某人有耐心be fed up with sth. 对极其厌倦(=be tired of sth.),介词短语和短语介词,according to 根据所说；按照as for 至于，就方面说as to 至于，关于at all costs 不惜任何代价at any cost 不惜任何代价at the cost of 以为代价at large 完全地；详尽地ahead of 在前面，先于；胜过,at all events 无论如何at the expense of 归付费at ease 自由自在；舒适，舒坦with ease 容易地at any rate 无论如何；至少at a s
34、peed of 以的速度at full speed 以全速at heart 在内心里；实质上,动词短语,account for 说明(原因等)；解释take into account 考虑；重视accuse sb. of sth. 控告(某人某事)(=charge sb. with sth.)accustom sb. to sth. 使某人适应某件事情(=be accustomed to sth.; adapt sb. to sth.)act on 按照而行动take advantage of 趁之机，利用(=make use of)afford to (买)得起(某物)；负担得起,不赞成题海战术，因为四六级知识量有限，过多的新鲜知识让人失去信心要学会研究题目，学会举一反三 词汇是基础，语法是支撑点两者兼顾 要学会学习的迁移无论考试的哪一项，其实都是考察学生的综合能力。,Thank you!,