1、英文原文Engraving and Milling Machine Design Based on Open CNC SystemCao Shukuna, Sui Zhimingb, Liu Luning, Wang Guicong, Song Weiwei School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jinan,Shandong Province, China acaoshukun, bszm9588AbstractIn view of application requirements, control axes, the developm
2、ent cycle and other factors of open CNC machine tools, we consider the modular as the guiding ideology and propose a design method of three-dimensional engraving and milling machine based on open CNC system. In this paper we make a detailed design for mechanism structure and control system. Experime
3、nts show that this machine has milling and engraving capabilities, can process metal and non-metallic parts, which is a high efficiency, multi-function numerical control equipment.Keywords: engraving and milling machine;open CNC system;CNC machine tools;design of machine tools.IntroductionHigh-speed
4、 machining is contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component of the high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of Chinas application fields and the demand situ
5、ation. High-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made s
6、ignificant technical and economic benefits. Contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part.HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has high production efficiency. It can be said that the
7、 high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages: improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance.The high-speed mach
8、ining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding; there are generally several points as follows: high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting
9、 Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cutting process, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the machine-tool - Work piece s
10、ystem the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept.1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52nd on the increase of high-speed cutting for t
11、he concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is
12、expected to achieve the cutting speed.High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects: high-speed machining technology development status and trends.At this stage, in order to achieve high-speed machin
13、ing, general wiring with high flexibility of high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, by using a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. These equipment in common is: We must also have high-speed and high-speed spindle system feeding system, Cutting can be achieved in high-speed process. Hig
14、h-speed cutting with the traditional cutting the biggest difference is that Machine-tool-work piece the dynamic characteristics of cutting performance is stronger influence. In the system, the machine spindle stiffness, grip or form, a long knife set, spindle Broach, torque tool set, Performance hig
15、h-speed impact are important factors. In the high-speed cutting, material removal rate (Metal Removal Rate, MRR), unit time that the material was removed volume, usually based on the machine-tool-work piece whether Processing System chatter. Therefore, in order to satisfy the high-speed machining ne
16、eds, we must first improve the static and dynamic stiffness of machine spindle is particularly the stiffness characteristics. HSC reason at this stage to be successful, a very crucial factor is the dynamic characteristics of the master and processing capability.In order to better describe the machin
17、e spindle stiffness characteristics of the project presented new dimensionless parameter - DN value, used for the evaluation of the machine tool spindle structure on the high-speed machining of adaptability. DN value of the so-called axis diameter per minute speed with the product The newly develope
18、d spindle machining center DN values have been great over one million. To reduce the weight bearing, but also with an array of steel products than to the much more light ceramic ball bearings; Bearing Lubrication most impressive manner mixed with oil lubrication methods. In the field of high-speed m
19、achining have air bearings and the development of magnetic bearings and magnetic bearings and air bearings combined constitute the magnetic gas / air mixing spindle.Feed the machine sector, high-speed machining used in the feed drive is usually larger lead, multiple high-speed ball screw and ball ar
20、ray of small-diameter silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic ball, to reduce its centrifugal and gyroscopic torque; By using hollow-cooling technology to reduce operating at high speed ball screw as temperature generated by the friction between the lead screw and thermal deformation.In recent years, the us
21、e of linear motor-driven high-speed system of up to Such feed system has removed the motor from workstations to Slide in the middle of all mechanical transmission links, Implementation of Machine Tool Feed System of zero transmission. Because no linear motor rotating components from the role of cent
22、rifugal force can greatly increase the feed rate Linear Motor another major advantage of the trip is unrestricted. The linear motor is a very time for a continuous machine shop in possession of the bed. Resurfacing of the very meeting where a very early stage movement can go, but the whole system of
23、 up to the stiffness without any influence. By using high-speed screw or linear motor can greatly enhance machine system of up to the rapid response. The maximum acceleration linear motors up to 2-10G (G for the acceleration of gravity) the largest feed rate of up to 60 -200m/min or higher. 2002 wor
24、ld-renowned Shanghai Purdon maglev train project of maglev track steel processing, Using the Shenyang Machine Tool Group Holdings Limited McNair friendship company production plants into extra-long high-speed system for large-scale processing centers achieve The machine feeding system for the linear
25、 guide and rack gear drive, the largest table feed rate of 60 m / min, Quick trip of 100 m / min, 2 g acceleration, maximum speed spindle 20000 r / min, the main motor power 80 kW. X-axis distance of up to 30 m，25 m cutting long maglev track steel error is less than 0.15mm Maglev trains for the smoo
26、th completion of the project provided a strong guarantee for technologyIn addition, the campaign machine performance will also directly affect the processing efficiency and accuracy of processing. Mold and the free surface of high-speed machining, the main wiring with small cut deep into methods for
27、 processing Machine requirements in the feed rate conditions, should have high-precision positioning functions and high-precision interpolation function, especially high-precision arc interpolation. Arc processing is to adopt legislation or thread milling cutter mold or machining parts, the essentia
28、l processing methods.（1）Cutting Tools Tool Material development High-speed cutting and technological development of the history, tool material is continuous progress of history. The representation of high-speed cutting tool material is cubic boron nitride (CBN). Face Milling Cutter use of CBN, its c
29、utting speed can be as high as 5000 m / min, mainly for the gray cast iron machining. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has been described as a tool of the 21st century tool, It is particularly applicable to the cutting aluminum alloy containing silica material, which is light weight metal materials, hi
30、gh strength, widely used in the automobile, motorcycle engine, electronic devices shell, the base, and so on. At present, the use of polycrystalline diamond cutter Face Milling alloy, 5000 mm/min the cutting speed has reached a practical level. In addition ceramic tool also applies to gray iron of h
31、igh-speed machining; （2）Tool CoatingCBN and diamond cutter, despite good high-speed performance, but the cost is relatively high. Using the coating technology to make cutting tool is the low price, with excellent mechanical properties, which can effectively reduce the cost. Now high-speed processing
32、 of milling cutter, with most of the wiring between the Ti-A1-N composite technology for the way of multi-processing, If present in the non-ferrous metal or alloy material dry cutting, DLC (Diamond like Carbon) coating on the cutter was of great concern. It is expected that the market outlook is ver
33、y significant; （3）Tool clamping systemTool clamping system to support high-speed cutting is an important technology, currently the most widely used is a two-faced tool clamping system. Has been formally invested as a commodity market at the same clamping tool system is: HSK, Kaman a big plus. NC5 AH
34、O systems In the high-speed machining, tool and fixture rotary performance of the balance not only affects the precision machining and tool life. It will also affect the life of machine tools. So, the choice of tool system, it should be a balanced selection of good products. Cutting speed of high-sp
35、eed processing of conventional shear velocity of about 10 times For every tooth cutter feed rate remained basically unchanged, to guarantee parts machining precision, surface quality and durability of the tool, Feed volume will also be a corresponding increase about 10 times, reaching 60 m / min, So
36、me even as high as 120 m / min. Therefore, high-speed machining is usually precluded the use of high-speed, feed and depth of cut small cutting parameters. Due to the high-speed machining cutting cushion tend to be small, the formation of very thin chip light, Cutting put the heat away quickly; If t
37、he wiring using a new thermal stability better tool materials and coatings, Using the dry cutting process for high-speed machining is the ideal technology program.To adapt to the needs of new models, auto body panel molds and resin-prevention block the forming die. Must shorten the production cycle
38、and reduce the cost of production and, therefore, we must make great efforts to promote the production of high-speed die in the process. SAIC affiliated with the company that: Compared to the past, finishing, further precision; the same time, the surface roughness must be met, the bending of precisi
39、on, this should be subject to appropriate intensive manual processing. Due to the extremely high cutting speed, and the last finishing processes, the processing cycle should be greatly reduced. To play for machining centers and boring and milling machining center category represented by the high-spe
40、ed machining technology and automatic tool change function of distinctions Potential to improve processing efficiency, the processing of complex parts used to be concentrated as much as possible the wiring process, that is a fixture in achieving multiple processes centralized processing and dilute t
41、he traditional cars, milling, boring, Thread processing different cutting the limits of technology, equipment and give full play to the high-speed cutting tool function, NC is currently raising machine efficiency and speed up product development in an effective way. Therefore, the proposed multi-pur
42、pose tool of the new requirements call for a tool to complete different parts of the machining processes, ATC reduce the number of ATC to save time, to reduce the quantity and tool inventory, and management to reduce production costs. More commonly used in a multifunctional Tool milling boring and m
43、illing, drilling milling, drilling-milling thread-range tool. At the same time, mass production line, against the use of technology requires the development of special tools or a smart composite tool, improve, processing efficiency and accuracy and reduced investment. In the high-speed cutting condi
44、tions, and some special tools can be part of the processing time to the original 1 / 10 below, results are quite remarkable. HSC has a lot of advantages such as: a large number of materials required resection of the work piece with ultra fine, thin structure of the work piece, Traditionally, the nee
45、d to spend very long hours for processing mobile work piece and the design of rapid change, short product life cycle of the work piece, able to demonstrate high-speed cutting brought advantages.Traditionally the die and mould machining was mainly based on machining center milling processing, but the
46、 processing center has its shortcomings and the cost is high. Our domestic industries started with the concept of CNC engraving machine. The advantage of engraving machine is carving. It appears to be inadequate when machining materials with great hardness. This CNC engraving and milling machine is
47、designed to fill the gaps between the two. The engraving and milling machine can be used to not only sculpturing, but also milling, which is an efficient high-precision CNC machine tool.The machine can be used in the mold industry, wooden engraving industry, advertising industry, and other variety o
48、f precise and complicated parts to be processed in the industry. It is used to complete the small amount of processing which can be relatively small and high machining accuracy. For high-speed machining of soft metals, but due to poor rigidity, it is not suitable for heavy cutting.Mechanical Design
49、of Machine ToolThe main mechanical structure of the engraving and milling machine is shown in Fig.1. It is mainly made up of seven parts: tool bed, worktable, columns, X axis slider, Y axis slider, Z axis Slide and the electric spindle systems. Each of these has their own sub-assembly system which is relatively independent. The machine is assembled according to assembly connection and space relative position of these seven parts.CNC machine tool feed drive system assumed the
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