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1、Brief Introduction to American Literature,Teaching Purposes,To enlarge your basic knowledge about British and American literature; To understand some literary quotations behind English language; To help you prepare TEM-8 exam and Entrance Exam for Post-graduate; To help you complete your degree thes
2、is,1. main themes,record of a quest / seeking,the continuous narrative of the pursuit of success and happiness,the lost continent of Atlantis,the golden “cities of Cibola”,Northwest Passage to the Orient,dreams of success,religious freedom,westward movement for happiness,2. principal forms of Americ
3、an literature,novel,short story,poem,drama,principal forms,3. Three Main Ages,the Age of Romanticism,the Age of Realism,Modern American Literature,the Age of Romanticism,American literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War,Pre-Romanticism (1770s 1830s),Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875),
4、flowering time before American Civil War (1830 1860),declining time after American Civil War (1860 1875),Jefferson purchased Louisiana in 1803 many European immigrants began arriving in the US in the 1840s The US bought the land between Texas & California by the end of 1840s Farmers, ranchers（大牧场主）,
5、 and gold miners continued to pour into Western US in the 1860s.,Westward Expansion in the 18th and 19th Century of the USA,westward movement,Pre-Romanticism (1770s 1830s),Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文 （ 1783 1859） the “father of the American Literature”,History of New York纽约外史 The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Tour on P
6、rairies草原漫游记,Rip Van Winkle瑞普.凡.温克尔,The Sketch Book见闻札记（1819 1820）,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说,short stories,a collection of essays,James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.费尼莫尔.库珀（1789 1851）,Pre-Romanticism (1770s 1830s),The Pioneers拓荒者(1823) The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫西干人(1826) The Prairie大草原(1827) The Pat
7、hfinder 探路人(1840) The Deerslaver杀鹿者(1841),the first American novelist who used the national theme, depicting the American West,Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集,the Transcendentalists（超验主义者）,Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875),Walden瓦尔登湖/ Life in the Woods林中生活(1854),Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生（1803 1882）,Natu
8、re论自然(1836),the leader of the Transcendental Movement /Transcendentalism poet & essayist,Henry David Thoreau亨利. 大卫. 梭罗（18171862）,challenged John Calvins doctrine and Puritans,power of imagination,an American novelist, poet and critic the first to create short stories as a writing form forerunner of
9、science fictions, mystery stories and spy fictions,Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875),concentrated on human imagination and emotion rather than the intellect,Edgar Allan Poe埃德加. 艾伦. 坡（1809 1849）,The Masque of Red Death红死病的假面舞会 The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍尔厦的倒塌,short stories (1835),Post-Romanticism (1
10、830s 1875),power of imagination,concentrated on human imagination and emotion rather than the intellect,Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔. 霍桑（1804 1864）,the most influential American romantic novelist in the 19th century,The Scarlet Letter红字(1850),Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875),power of imagination,concentrat
11、ed on human imagination and emotion rather than the intellect,Herman Melville 赫尔曼. 梅尔维尔（1819 1891）,an American poet and novelist,Moby Dick白鲸(1851),an American masterpiece,pre-Civil War period,the period of liberal reform in 1850s movement to end the institution of slavery Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里叶特比
12、彻 斯托（1811 1896）,Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875),“the lady who launched the American Civil War” (Lincoln),Uncle Toms Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋(1852),an antislavery novel The novel made the slavery question became a passionately debated political issue.,The novel makes the miserable life of the negroes in the south
13、of America exposed to the world and shows great sympathy for the negroes.,poetry,Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875),Walt Whitman 沃尔特. 惠特曼（1819 1892）,the most outstanding American poet in the 19th century the first American poet to use free verse（自由诗体） great contribution to American literature the thought
14、 of democracy has been influential in world literature.,Leaves of Grass草叶集(1855),“Song of Myself”自我之歌 the first and the longest poem in Leaves of Grass,Leaves of Grass草叶集(1855),Americans greatest book of poems praised as “Democratic Bible” and as American Epic the lifelong work of Whitman the idea l
15、iberty, equality, fraternity（博爱）,Emily Dickinson（艾米莉. 迪金森） an American woman poet was regarded after her death as a great poet as Whitman in America of the 19th century,writing style,poetry mixed gaiety and gloom verses filled with the names of faraway, exotic places that she visited only in imagina
16、tion fascinated by both life and death brief poems, rarely more than 12 or 15 lines long,the Age of Romanticism,important literary terms,appeared after 1830 marked the maturity of American Romanticism the first renaissance in the American literary history laid emphasis on spirit and individual and n
17、ature,Transcendentalism,Free Verse,has no regular rhythm or line length depend on natural speech rhythms and the counterpoint （对照法）of stressed and unstressed syllables,the Age of Realism,American literature between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of World War I,industrialization,developme
18、nt of the Far West,The Gilded Age镀金年代,the Age of Realism,the period of Regionalism（地方主义）,“Local colorism”（乡土文学）appeared when Realism first emerged in America,William Dean Howells威廉. 迪安. 豪威尔斯（1837 1920）,one of the most important leaders of the “Regionalism”,The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹(1855),the
19、 Age of Realism,the period of Regionalism（地方主义）,Mark Twain（马克.吐温）,pen name of Samuel Clemens（塞谬尔克莱门斯） the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝里. 费恩历险记(1884),The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索亚历险记(1876),the greatest novel in American liter
20、ature,peculiarly American sense of humor outrageous jokes and tall tales in a calm, innocent, matter-of-fact manner local dialect for comic effect rich in metaphor, newly invented words and drawling rhythm apparent shrewd social satire,writing style,The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿（1881） Life on the M
21、ississippi密西西比河上（1883）,other works,the period of naturalism（自然主义）,the Age of Realism,Emile Zola（左拉） a French novelist, founder of the naturalism Stephen Crane（斯蒂芬. 克莱恩） Theodore Dreiser（西奥多. 德莱赛） Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹(1900) Upton Sinclair（厄普顿. 辛克莱） The Jungle屠场(1906) Jack London（杰克. 伦敦） Call of the Wild
22、 野性的呼唤(1903),naturalists developed from regional writers,Maggie, A Girl of the Streets街头女郎玛吉(1893),The Red Badge of Courage红色英雄勋章(1895),cross-century novelist,the Age of Realism,Henry James（亨利. 詹姆斯）,an American living in Europe excellent at “international” novels and stories about Americans living i
23、n Europe one of the most distinguished novelists of the post-Civil War era,early works (19th century),late works (20th century),The American 一个美国人(1877),Portrait of a Lady女士的画像(1881),The Wings of the Dove鸽翼,The Ambassadors专使,The Golden Bowl金碗,women novelists,the Age of Realism,Edith Wharton（伊迪丝. 华顿）
24、,Kate Chopin（凯特. 肖邦）：stopped writing after her book was condemned by literary critics,Willa Cather（薇拉. 凯瑟）: a major American writer,The House of Mirth欢乐之家 The Age of Innocence纯真年代,The Awakening觉醒 story in the heart of the South America,O Pioneers！啊！拓荒者 life in midwestern Nebraska （内布拉斯加）,the Age of
25、Realism,black writers (Afro-American writers),W. E. B. Dubois（杜波伊斯） the first black writer in America the most influential black intellectual, leader of the literature and spirits in the 20th century,Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(1903),the Age of Realism,“revolt from village” works,the first decades of t
26、he 20th century became increasingly urban new attitude of rebellion against the limited life of the typical small American town,Sherwood Anderson（舍伍德. 安德森）,Sinclair Lewis（辛克莱. 路易斯）,Winesburg, Ohio俄亥俄州的瓦恩斯堡(1919),Main Street大街(1920),the first American Nobel Prize winner for literature (1930),Modern A
27、merican Literature,American literature after World War I,American Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),American Literature after World War II (1945 ),Modernism （现代主义）,appeared after World War I cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss refusing to accept the traditional concep
28、t of value and all traditional ideological influences,Modern American Literature,American Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),poem (imagists),novel & short story (the Lost Generation),drama (playwright),Modern American Literature,American Literature between World War I and II (1914 194
29、5),poets (imagists)意象派诗人,whose poems focus on strong, concrete images,Ezra Pound（伊兹拉. 庞德） the beginner of the Imagists,T. S. Eliot（艾略特）,dominated the Modernism in poetry The Waste Land荒原(1922),Robert Frost（罗伯特. 弗罗斯特）,one of the undisputed masters of modern American poetry the best known and the most
30、 welcome of the New England poets North of Boston波士顿以北(1914),American Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),Modern American Literature,poets (imagists)意象派诗人,E. E. Cummings （肯明斯）,Wallace Stevens （华莱士. 史蒂文斯）,William Carlos （威廉.卡洛斯）,the forerunner of concrete poetry（具像诗） and visual poetry（视
31、觉诗歌）,Modern American Literature,American Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),novelists the Lost Generation“迷惘的一代”(1920s),the novelists who produced a literature of disillusionment in the aftermath of World War I, and some of them lived abroad.,used their wartime experience as the basis
32、 for their works were cut off from old values yet unable to come to terms with the new era wondered pointlessly and restlessly were frustrated by the war spokesman Hemingway,Modern American Literature,American Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),novelists the Lost Generation“迷惘的一代”(192
33、0s),Ernest Hemingway（欧内斯特 海明威）,one of the greatest American writers in the 20th century Nobel Prize winner for literature (1954),The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起(1923) A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器(1929) For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣（1940） The Old Man and the Sea老人与海（1952）,F. Scott Fitzgerald（斯科特菲兹杰拉德）,captured
34、the restless, pleasure-hungry, defiant mood of the 1920s,Modern American Literature,American Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),novelists the Lost Generation“迷惘的一代”(1920s),The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比（1925） Tender Is the Night夜色温柔（1934）,Modern American Literature,American Literature betwee
35、n World War I and II (1914 1945),novelists the Lost Generation“迷惘的一代”(1920s),William Faulkner（威廉. 福克纳）,one of the most important American novelists of the 20th century Nobel Prize winner for literature (1949),The Sound and the Fury喧哗与骚动(1929) Light in August八月之光(1932),Modern American Literature,Amer
36、ican Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),the Lost Generation,Jazz Era（爵士年代）,American literature of the 1920s,Jazz a lively, powerful music which was brought by African-Americans who centered in an artistic black community in Harlem（哈莱姆）of New York City,Modern American Literature,Americ
37、an Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),novelists (1930s),John Steinbeck（约翰. 斯坦贝克）,Margaret Mitchell（玛格丽特. 米切尔）,The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄(1939),Gone with the Wind飘/乱世佳人 (1936) historical fiction,Modern American Literature,American Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945),drama,E
38、ugene ONeill（尤金. 奥尼尔）,the most famous playwright in America leading dramatist the Nobel Prize winner for literature (1936),Desire Under the Elms榆树下的欲望 (1924) Mourning Becomes Electra悲悼 (1931) The Iceman Cometh卖冰的人来了(1939) Long Days Journey into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢(1940),Modern American Literature,American
39、Literature after World War II (1945 ),Joseph Heller（约瑟夫. 海勒）,Catch 22第22条军规(1961),intelligent novels showing how the pressures of war highlight mens characters,Black Humor（黑色幽默）,African-American / Afro-American / black writers,Richard Wright（理查德. 赖特） Native Son土生子(1940) Ralph Ellison（拉尔夫. 埃利森）Invisi
40、ble Man看不见的人(1952) (one of the most important works of American literature in the 20th century) James Baldwin（鲍德温） Go Tell It on the Mountain 向苍天呼吁(1953) The Fire Next Time下一次将是烈火 Tony Morrison（托尼. 莫里森） the first African-American Nobel Prize winner for literature (1993) Song of Solomon所罗门之歌(1977) Be
41、loved宠儿 Alice Walker（爱丽丝. 沃克） The Color Purple 紫色(1982),Modern American Literature,American Literature after World War II (1945 ),Modern American Literature,American Literature after World War II (1945 ),Jewish-American writers,Saul Bellow（索尔. 贝洛） Isaac Bashevis Singer（辛格）,Both of them won the Nobel
42、 Prize for Literature,Modern American Literature,American Literature after World War II (1945 ),the “Beat Generation”（垮掉的一代）,Alan Ginsberg（艾伦. 金斯堡）：Howl嚎叫,“anti-Beats” writers They didnt accept the life style of the Beats, viewing the world on a comic, absurd light.,J. D. Salinger（塞林格）: The Catcher in the Rye麦田守望者,Modern American Literature,American Literature after World War II (1945 ),drama,Tennessee Williams（田纳西. 威廉斯）,The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园(1944) Street Car Named Desire欲望号街车(1947),Arthur Miller（亚瑟. 米勒）,Death of a Salesman推销员之死,