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1、2-0,CHAPTER,2,Accounting Statementsand Cash Flow,2-1,Chapter Outline,2.1 The Balance Sheet 2.2 The Income Statement 2.3 Net Working Capital 2.4 Financial Cash Flow 2.5 The Statement of Cash Flows 2.6 Summary and Conclusions,2-2,2.1 The Balance Sheet,An accountants snapshot of the firms accounting va
2、lue as of a particular date. The Balance Sheet Identity is: Assets Liabilities + Stockholders Equity When analyzing a balance sheet, the financial manager should be aware of three concerns: accounting liquidity, debt versus equity, and value versus cost.,2-3,The Balance Sheet of the U.S. Composite C
3、orporation,Liabilities (Debt),Assets,20X2,20X1,and Stockholders Equity,20X2,20X1,Current assets:,Current Liabilities:,Cash and equivalents,$140,$107,Accounts payable,$213,$197,Accounts receivable,294,270,Notes payable,50,53,Inventories,269,280,Accrued expenses,223,205,Other,58,50,Total current liabi
4、lities,$486,$455,Total current assets,$761,$707,Long-term liabilities:,Fixed assets:,Deferred taxes,$117,$104,Property, plant, and equipment,$1,423,$1,274,Long-term debt,471,458,Less accumulated depreciation,-550,-460,Total long-term liabilities,$588,$562,Net property, plant, and equipment,873,814,I
5、ntangible assets and other,245,221,Stockholders equity:,Total fixed assets,$1,118,$1,035,Preferred stock,$39,$39,Common stock ($1 per value),55,32,Capital surplus,347,327,Accumulated retained earnings,390,347,Less treasury stock,-26,-20,Total equity,$805,$725,Total assets,$1,879,$1,742,Total liabili
6、ties and stockholders equity,$1,879,$1,742,The assets are listed in order by the length of time it normally would take a firm with ongoing operations to convert them into cash. Clearly, cash is much more liquid than property, plant and equipment.,2-4,Balance Sheet Analysis,When analyzing a balance s
7、heet, the financial manager should be aware of three concerns: Accounting liquidity Debt versus equity Value versus cost,2-5,Accounting Liquidity,Refers to the ease and quickness with which assets can be converted to cash. Current assets are the most liquid. Some fixed assets are tangible (property,
8、 plant, equipment); intangible (trademark, patent). The more liquid a firms assets, the less likely the firm is to experience problems meeting short-term obligations. Liquid assets frequently have lower rates of return than fixed assets.,2-6,Debt versus Equity,Liabilities are obligations of the firm
9、 that requires a payout of cash within a stipulated period. Generally, when a firm borrows it gives the bondholders first claim on the firms cash flow. Thus shareholders equity is the residual difference between assets and liabilities. Assets Liabilities=Stakeolders Equity,2-7,Value versus Cost,Acco
10、unting value refers to carrying value or book value. Under GAAP audited financial statements of firms in the U.S. carry assets at cost. Market value is the price at which willing buyers and sellers would trade the assets.,2-8,2.2 The Income Statement,The income statement measures performance over a
11、specific period of time. The accounting definition of income is Revenue Expenses Income Like a radio recording of what the people did between two snapshots.,2-9,U.S.C.C. Income Statement,(in $ millions),20X2,Income Statement,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Total operating revenues,Cost of goods sold,Sell
12、ing, general, and administrative expenses,Depreciation,Operating income,Other income,Earnings before interest and taxes,Interest expense,Pretax income,Taxes,Current: $71,Deferred: $13,Net income,Retained earnings: $43,Dividends: $43,The operations section of the incomestatement reports the firms rev
13、enues and expenses from principal operations,$2,262,- 1,655,- 327,- 90,$190,29,$219,- 49,$170,- 84,$86,2-10,(in $ millions),20X2,Income Statement,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Total operating revenues,$2,262,Cost of goods sold,- 1,655,Selling, general, and administrative expenses,- 327,Depreciation,- 9
14、0,Operating income,$190,Other income,29,Earnings before interest and taxes,$219,Interest expense,- 49,Pretax income,$170,Taxes,- 84,Current: $71,Deferred: $13,Net income,$86,Retained earnings: $43,Dividends: $43,The non-operating section of the income statement includes all financing costs, such as
15、interest expense.,U.S.C.C. Income Statement,2-11,(in $ millions),20X2,Income Statement,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Total operating revenues,Cost of goods sold,Selling, general, and administrative expenses,Depreciation,Operating income,Other income,Earnings before interest and taxes,Interest expense,P
16、retax income,Taxes,Current: $71,Deferred: $13,Net income,Retained earnings: $43,Dividends: $43,Usually a separate section reports as a separate item the amount of taxes levied on income.,$2,262,- 1,655,- 327,- 90,$190,29,$219,- 49,$170,- 84,$86,U.S.C.C. Income Statement,2-12,(in $ millions),20 x2,In
17、come Statement,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Total operating revenues,Cost of goods sold,Selling, general, and administrative expenses,Depreciation,Operating income,Other income,Earnings before interest and taxes,Interest expense,Pretax income,Taxes,Current: $71,Deferred: $13,Net income,Retained earnin
18、gs: $43,Dividends: $43,Net income is the “bottom line”.,$2,262,- 1,655,- 327,- 90,$190,29,$219,- 49,$170,- 84,$86,U.S.C.C. Income Statement,2-13,Income Statement Analysis,There are three things to keep in mind when analyzing an income statement: GAAP Non Cash Items Time and Costs,2-14,Generally Acce
19、pted Accounting Principles,GAAP The matching principal of GAAP dictates that revenues be matched with expenses. Thus, income is reported when it is earned, even though no cash flow may have occurred,2-15,Income Statement Analysis,Non Cash Items Depreciation is the most apparent. No firm ever writes
20、a check for “depreciation”. Another noncash item is deferred taxes, which does not represent a cash flow. It results from differences between accounting income and true taxable income.,2-16,Income Statement Analysis,Time and Costs In the short run, certain equipment, resources, and commitments of th
21、e firm are fixed, but the firm can vary such inputs as labor and raw materials. In the long run, all inputs of production (and hence costs) are variable. Financial accountants do not distinguish between variable costs and fixed costs. Instead, accounting costs usually fit into a classification that
22、distinguishes product costs from period costs.,2-17,2.3 Net Working Capital,Net Working Capital Current Assets Current Liabilities NWC is usually growing with the firm.,2-18,The Balance Sheet of the U.S.C.C.,Liabilities (Debt),Assets,20X2,20X1,and Stockholders Equity,20X2,20X1,Current assets:,Curren
23、t Liabilities:,Cash and equivalents,$140,$107,Accounts payable,$213,$197,Accounts receivable,294,270,Notes payable,50,53,Inventories,269,280,Accrued expenses,223,205,Other,58,50,Total current liabilities,$486,$455,Total current assets,$761,$707,Long-term liabilities:,Fixed assets:,Deferred taxes,$11
24、7,$104,Property, plant, and equipment,$1,423,$1,274,Long-term debt,471,458,Less accumulated depreciation,-550,-460,Total long-term liabilities,$588,$562,Net property, plant, and equipment,873,814,Intangible assets and other,245,221,Stockholders equity:,Total fixed assets,$1,118,$1,035,Preferred stoc
25、k,$39,$39,Common stock ($1 par value),55,32,Capital surplus,347,327,Accumulated retained earnings,390,347,Less treasury stock,-26,-20,Total equity,$805,$725,Total assets,$1,879,$1,742,Total liabilities and stockholders equity,$1,879,$1,742,Here we see NWC grow to $275 million in 20X2 from $252 milli
26、on in 20X1.,This increase of $23 million is an investment of the firm.,2-19,2.4 Financial Cash Flow,In finance, the most important item that can be extracted from financial statements is the actual cash flow of the firm. Since there is no magic in finance, it must be the case that the cash from rece
27、ived from the firms assets must equal the cash flows to the firms creditors and stockholders. CF(A) CF(B) + CF(S),2-20,Financial Cash Flow of the U.S.C.C.,Cash Flow of the Firm,Operating cash flow,$238,(Earnings before interest and taxes,plus depreciation minus taxes),Capital spending,(173),(Acquisi
28、tions of fixed assets,minus sales of fixed assets),Additions to net working capital,(23),Total,$42,Cash Flow of Investors in the Firm,Debt,$36,(Interest plus retirement of debt,minus long-term debt financing),Equity,6,(Dividends plus repurchase of,equity minus new equity financing),Total,$42,Operati
29、ng Cash Flow: EBIT$219 Depreciation $90 Current Taxes($71) OCF$238,2-21,Financial Cash Flow of the U.S.C.C.,(in $ millions),20X2,Financial Cash Flow,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Cash Flow of the Firm,Operating cash flow,$238,(Earnings before interest and taxes,plus depreciation minus taxes),Capital sp
30、ending,(Acquisitions of fixed assets,minus sales of fixed assets),Additions to net working capital,Total,Cash Flow of Investors in the Firm,Debt,(Interest plus retirement of debt,minus long-term debt financing),Equity,(Dividends plus repurchase of,equity minus new equity financing),Total,Capital Spe
31、nding Purchase of fixed assets $198 Sales of fixed assets (25) Capital Spending $173,(173),(23),$42,$36,6,$42,2-22,Financial Cash Flow of the U.S.C.C.,(in $ millions),20X2,Financial Cash Flow,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Cash Flow of the Firm,Operating cash flow,$238,(Earnings before interest and taxe
32、s,plus depreciation minus taxes),Capital spending,(Acquisitions of fixed assets,minus sales of fixed assets),Additions to net working capital,Total,Cash Flow of Investors in the Firm,Debt,(Interest plus retirement of debt,minus long-term debt financing),Equity,(Dividends plus repurchase of,equity mi
33、nus new equity financing),Total,NWC grew from $275 million in 20X2 from $252 millionin 20X1. This increase of $23 million is the addition to NWC.,(173),(23),$42,$36,6,$42,2-23,Financial Cash Flow of the U.S.C.C.,(in $ millions),20X2,Financial Cash Flow,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Cash Flow of the Fir
34、m,Operating cash flow,$238,(Earnings before interest and taxes,plus depreciation minus taxes),Capital spending,(Acquisitions of fixed assets,minus sales of fixed assets),Additions to net working capital,Total,Cash Flow of Investors in the Firm,Debt,(Interest plus retirement of debt,minus long-term d
35、ebt financing),Equity,(Dividends plus repurchase of,equity minus new equity financing),Total,(173),(23),$42,$36,6,$42,2-24,Financial Cash Flow of the U.S.C.C.,(in $ millions),20X2,Financial Cash Flow,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Cash Flow of the Firm,Operating cash flow,$238,(Earnings before interest
36、and taxes,plus depreciation minus taxes),Capital spending,(Acquisitions of fixed assets,minus sales of fixed assets),Additions to net working capital,Total,Cash Flow of Investors in the Firm,Debt,(Interest plus retirement of debt,minus long-term debt financing),Equity,(Dividends plus repurchase of,e
37、quity minus new equity financing),Total,Cash Flow to Creditors Interest $49 Retirementof debt 73 Debt service 122 Proceeds from new debt sales (86) Total36,(173),(23),$42,$36,6,$42,2-25,Financial Cash Flow of the U.S.C.C.,(in $ millions),20X2,Financial Cash Flow,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Cash Flow
38、of the Firm,Operating cash flow,$238,(Earnings before interest and taxes,plus depreciation minus taxes),Capital spending,(Acquisitions of fixed assets,minus sales of fixed assets),Additions to net working capital,Total,Cash Flow of Investors in the Firm,Debt,(Interest plus retirement of debt,minus l
39、ong-term debt financing),Equity,(Dividends plus repurchase of,equity minus new equity financing),Total,Cash Flow to Stockholders Dividends $43 Repurchase of stock 6 Cash to Stockholders 49 Proceeds from newstock issue (43) Total $6,(173),(23),$42,$36,6,$42,2-26,Financial Cash Flow of the U.S.C.C.,(i
40、n $ millions),20X2,Financial Cash Flow,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Cash Flow of the Firm,Operating cash flow,$238,(Earnings before interest and taxes,plus depreciation minus taxes),Capital spending,(Acquisitions of fixed assets,minus sales of fixed assets),Additions to net working capital,Total,Cash
41、Flow of Investors in the Firm,Debt,(Interest plus retirement of debt,minus long-term debt financing),Equity,(Dividends plus repurchase of,equity minus new equity financing),Total,The cash from received from the firms assets must equal the cash flows to the firms creditors and stockholders:,(173),(23
42、),$42,$36,6,$42,2-27,2.5 The Statement of Cash Flows,There is an official accounting statement called the statement of cash flows. This helps explain the change in accounting cash, which for U.S. Composite is $33 million in 20X2. The three components of the statement of cash flows are Cash flow from
43、 operating activities Cash flow from investing activities Cash flow from financing activities,2-28,U.S.C.C. Cash Flowfrom Operating Activities,(in $ millions),20X2,Cash Flow from Operating Activities,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,To calculate cash flow from operations, start with net income, add back n
44、oncash items like depreciation and adjust for changes in current assets and liabilities (other than cash).,2-29,U.S.C.C. Cash Flowfrom Investing Activities,(in $ millions),20X2,Cash Flow from Investing Activities,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Cash flow from investing activities involves changesin capit
45、al assets: acquisition of fixed assets and sales of fixed assets(i.e. net capital expenditures).,2-30,U.S.C.C. Cash Flowfrom Financing Activities,(in $ millions),20X2,Cash Flow from Financing Activities,U.S. COMPOSITE CORPORATION,Cash flows to and from creditors and owners include changes inequity a
46、nd debt.,2-31,U.S.C.C. Statement of Cash Flows,The statement of cash flows is the addition of cash flows from operations,cash flowsfrom investing activities, and cash flows from financing activities.,2-32,Statement of Cash Flows versus Cash Flow from the Firm,Since interest paid is deducted as an ex
47、pense when net income is calculated (and not deducted under financing activities) there is a difference between cash flow from operations and total cash flow to the firmthe difference is interest expense.,2-33,2.5 Summary and Conclusions,Financial statements provide important information regarding the value of the firm. You should keep in mind: Measures of profitability do not take risk or timing of cash flows into account. Financial ratios are linked to one another.,