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1、X. 汉英成语语义表达及文化内涵对比,1. （set phrases） 是人们长期习用的、简洁精辟的定型词组或短语。汉语成语构成一般以四字为主，结构规整、紧凑，如：应运而生，助人为乐，才疏学浅，入乡随俗，扬长补短。英语成语实际上一般不叫成语，叫固定搭配词组，单词数从两个到九个不等，以短语动词居多，如：call off 取消，give away 泄露；但是也有其它类型：by fair means or foul 不择手段（介词短语）；the law of the jungle 弱肉强食（名词短语）；cool and calm 镇定自若(形容词短语)。,汉英成语在修辞手法、语义特征以及文化内涵上也
2、有较大差异： 汉语成语除一小部分是语义完整的以外，大部分语义是不完整的； 英语基本上都不完整。 汉英成语很多时候平铺直叙，语义直白，不采用任何修辞手法；但是有些时候采用明喻、暗喻、借喻、提喻以及比拟、拟人等修辞手法，语义相对隐晦含蓄，蕴含较为丰富的文化内涵。,汉语与英语成语就语义特征和文化内涵进行比较时，有四种情况值得注意： 一）相同或相似的喻指却采用不同的喻体；二）相同或相似的喻体却表达不同的喻指；三）修辞缺位现象； 四）是汉语和英语在表达同一个喻指即寓意时并不一定都采用同一种修辞手段或表达方式：有时汉语采用明喻，与之对应的英语却用的暗喻或直述等等。 vehicle 喻体 reference
3、 / referent 喻指,(1)喻体和喻指(即字面和寓意)相同或相似,汉语： 英语： 冷若冰霜 as cold as icein an icy manner 安如磐石 as steady as a rock 轻如鸿毛 as light as a feather 如坐针毡 be on pins and needles 随波逐流 go with the tide 乱七八糟 at sixes and sevens 鱼目混珠 pass fish eyes for pearls,命悬一线 hang by a hairthread 火上浇油 add fuel to the fireflames 浑水摸
4、鱼 fish in troubled waters (使)毛发倒竖毛骨悚然 make sb.s hair stand on the end 以眼还眼，以牙还牙 an eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth,(2)喻体只有部分相同而喻指相同或相似：,汉语： 英语： 如胶似漆 stick to a person like glue 铁石心肠 a heart of stone 晴天霹雳 a bolt from the blue 热锅上蚂蚁 (have) ants in the pants 大海捞针 (search for) a needle in a haystack
5、,(3)喻体不同、喻指相同或相似：,汉语： 英语： 健壮如牛 as strong as a horse 狼吞虎咽 eat like a horse 如坐针毡热锅上蚂蚁 like a cat on hot bricks 一贫如洗 as poor as a church mouse 易如反掌 like a knife through butter 热情似火 as keen as mustard 味同嚼蜡 as dry as sawdust,鸦雀无声守口如瓶 as stillsilent as a grave 冰清玉洁 as cleanpure as the driven snow 猫哭老鼠 she
6、d crocodile tears 胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit 画蛇添足 gild the lily 水中捞月 fish in the air 如履薄冰 treadwalk upon eggs 鸠占鹊巢 be a dog in the manger 一箭之遥 a stones throw 一箭双雕 kill two birds with one stone 缘木求鱼 get blood fromout of a stone,【English idioms include: colloquialism, catch phrases, slang expressions,
7、set phrases (phrasal verbs), proverbs 】 山穷水尽黔驴技穷 be at the end of ones rope 落井下石 twistturn the knife in the wound 进退维谷 between the devil and the deep blue sea 班门弄斧 teach ones grand mother how to suck eggs,(4)喻体相同或相似，喻指不同,汉语 光阴似箭(喻指“快速”) ； 缘木求鱼(喻指“方法不 对而达不到目的”) ； 胆小如鼠(喻指“胆小”),英语： as straight as an ar
8、row (喻指“直”) a fish out of water(喻指“与环境不合、不得其所的人”) as quiet as a mouse(喻指“肃静”),(5)喻体和喻指都不相对应(修辞缺位),汉英两种语言的成语中存在许多喻体和喻指全部或部分雷同、相似的情况，这是由于不同的民族在其类似的生存环境、生活条件或人生境遇中产生了相似的认知、获取了同类的见识，因而有了彼此类似的思维推理和语言表达。与此同时，那些不同之处会导致修辞缺位现象 。英语成语 “as sure as death (像死亡一样必然发生，即必然的，不可避免的)”在汉语中很难找到与之对应的成语。汉语成语“化干戈为玉帛(turn ho
9、stilitywar into friendshippeace)”也找不到与之全部或部分对应的英语成语。,汉语：归心似箭 (only too eager to go back home) 结草衔环 (be deeply grateful to sbfor his kindness and seek every way to repay his kindness) 并蒂莲花 (a devoted married couple) 抛砖引玉 (offer a few commonplace remarks so that others can come up with valuable opinio
10、ns) 琴心剑胆 (having tender feelings，a strong sense of justice and desire to help the weak),英语：as fit as a fiddleas fit as a butchers dog(神采奕奕，非常健康) as good as gold (表现很乖) a mares nest (看似有趣但毫无价值的发现) play like a cat with a mouse (像猫捉耗子似的欺负折磨) get hold of the wrong end of the stick (误解、判断错误) have a bee i
11、n ones bonnet (about sth. )(念念不忘、心里想着),2谚语,所谓谚语(Proverbs)，是指“在群众中流传的固定语句，用简单通俗得话反映出深刻的道理。其特点：一是形式上，结构规整，用词讲究； 二是语义上揭示深刻的道理（自然规律、人生哲理、客观真理）。英语中的谚语与成语没有任何瓜葛。它的特点与汉语谚语一样，通常也是句式结构完整、蕴含深刻寓意、给人以深刻的启迪的语句。,A stitch in time saves nine. (一针及时省九针 / 及时处理。事半功倍) All work no play makes Jack a dull boy. (只工作不玩耍，聪明的
12、孩子也变傻。 / 只劳不逸，有害无益。) Beauty is only skin deep. (美貌只是一层皮 / 外表好看靠不住。) Better the foot slip than the tongue trip(宁可失脚滑倒，不可随口失言。,Brevity is the soul of wit(简洁是智慧的灵魂。) Make hay while the sun shines(太阳好，就晒草抓紧时机，乘机行事。) People in glass houses shouldnt throw stones(自己有缺点，别揭他人短。),汉英谚语语义表达及文化内涵对比,我们不妨从汉语谚语出发，就
13、其喻体和喻指来对照一下与之相对应的英语谚语，体味一下它们之间在语义表达上的异同。 而二者之间表达方式的差异清楚地揭示了其不同的文化内涵。,喻体(含部分喻体) 和喻指 (即字面和寓意) 相同或相似：,汉语： 英语： 血浓于水。 Blood is thicker than water 隔墙有耳。 Walls have ears 滴水穿石。 Constant dropping wears the stone 趁热打铁。 Strike while the iron is hot 杀鸡取卵。 Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 事实胜于雄辩。 Facts s
14、peak louder than words,远水难救近火。 Water afar quenches not fire 有其父必有其子。 Like father, like son 情人眼里出西施。 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder 眼不见，心不烦。 Out of sight，out of mind 人非圣贤，孰能无过。 To err is human 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As a man sows，so shall he reap 谋事在人，成事在天。 Man proposes，God disposes,喻体不同、喻指相同或相似：,汉语： 英语： 近
15、墨者黑。 He who keeps company with a wolf will learn to howl 掩耳盗铃。 The cat shuts its eyes when stealing cream 无风不起浪。 There is no smoke without fire 独木不成林。 One swallow does not make a summer 人不可貌相。 You cannot judge a tree by its bark,老鸦怪猪黑。 The pot calls the kettle black 远水不解近渴。 While the grass grows the
16、 horse starves 真金不怕火炼。 A good anvil does not fear the hammer 有钱能使鬼推磨。Money makes the mare go 福无双降，祸不单行。It never rains but it pours 人以群分，物以类聚。 Birds of a feather flock together,人以群分，物以类聚。Birds of a feather flock together 流水不腐，户枢不蠹。A rolling stone gathers no moss (=滚石不生苔。) 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。 Rome was not bui
17、lt in a day 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。When the cat is away, the mice will play (=猫儿不在，老鼠翻天。), 喻体相同或相似、喻指不同： The vehicle similar, but the reference differing.,汉语 Cf. 英语 Still waters run deep (实指“大智若愚”) 静如止水。(喻指“心境平和”) Love me，love my dog(实指“爱屋及乌”) 狗仗人势。(喻指“仗恃主人势力欺负他人”),喻体和喻指都不相对应 (修辞缺位) ：Metaphorically Lexical Gap
18、,汉语： 蚂蚁啃骨头。(One way to succeed is to plod away at a big job bit by bit) 鸟尽弓藏，兔死狗烹。(The trusted aides are killed once they have outlived their usefulness=卸磨杀驴),英语： All asses wag their ears(无知装聪明。) You cant teach an old dog new tricks (老人难以适应新事物。) Theres many a slip between the cup and the lip（杯已到口还会失手，凡事都难以十拿九稳。）,Thanks for your nice cooperation for the whole semester!,June 22, 2009,