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1、第五讲 人称与物称Chapter Five Personal vs. Impersonal,概览,性质： 表现法（mode of expression) 预测：中西民族思维模式差异(mode of thought) 表现（Description) 启示(inspiration) 对写作 对翻译,思维模式差异,“万物皆备于我”， “吾心即宇宙，宇宙即吾心” “天人合一” “经验综合型的主体意向思维”， 自然作为人的对立物 发端于游牧和航海文明 神人分离 逻辑推理的思辨观,英语常以物或抽象概念等非人称为主语,使事物以客观的口气呈现出来。英语用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语,同时又使用本来表示人的
2、动作或行为的动词作其谓语。汉语注重的是“什么人做什么事”,往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。,释名,人称（Personal subject），是指用有生命的人或动物做其逻辑动词的主语。 物称（Impersonal subject），是指用无生命的、抽象的事物或概念做部分动词的主语。,(1) What has happened to you ? （你怎么了?） (2) A strange peace came over her when she was alone . （她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。） (3) 一看到那棵大树,我便想起了童年的情景。 （The sight of the big t
3、ree always reminds me of my childhood .） (4) 凭良心讲,你待我礼貌有加,我却受之有愧。 （My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness .）,无灵主语 vs. 有灵主语,An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个主意. A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁. Not a sound reached our ears. 我们什么也没听到 Alarm
4、 began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有. The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. 从1840至1880这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国.,也可用it,there be作主语: It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来也没
5、有想到她这么不老实. It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East. 我们认为他今天上午发言的内容和口气都无助于在中东建立持久的和平. In 1958, there was a strike participated in by five thousand workers. 1958年,五千个工人参加了一次罢工. 新县长上台以来全县情况非但没有好转,而且每况愈下
6、. The whole county has gone to hell instead of picking up with the new magistrate. 一看到那棵大树,我便想到了童年的情景. The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 为了编辑出版吴昌硕书画集,他还走访了许多吴老的学生,和吴老的学生的学生. His interview also included the painters students and their students to get in information for the
7、publishing of Wu Changshuos Painting.,文体问题,英语物称主语常见于书面语,如公文,新闻,科技论著及散文小说等文学作品,这种表达法往往是叙述显得客观,公正,结构趋于严密紧凑,语气较委婉间接.但也不要滥用,有的英语写作教科书认为过多使用非人称表达法会使文章缺乏personal reference and human touch,失去people-to-people relationship,显得abstract and official.,It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the
8、 library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced. (近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少,此事令人关切.现要求学生不要忘记借书还书规则,并考虑其他学生的需要
9、.今后凡借书逾期不还者,必将严格按章处罚.) The number of books in the library has been going down. Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience. So from now on, were going to enforce the rules strictly. You have been warned!,具体表现,1. Hope is high, confi
10、dence is strong. 2. Silence came over the crowds. 3. Her approach to the job lacks determination. 4. My patience ran out quickly, and my ears began to complain. 5. All my courage deserted me. 6. If the pain comes on again, give him another pill.,7. 运涛好久不来信了，一家子人盼了星星盼月亮。（红旗谱） For many months, no lett
11、er came from Yuntao, till his whole family worried over him day and night. 8. 她在小屋中低声啜泣着。 Weak sobs came from her little room. 9. 我建议他立刻戒烟。 My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. 10. 她一想到就要出国深造，激动不已。 The idea that she will go abroad for further study made herself excited. 11. 对不起，我不知道
12、如何表达了。 Sorry, my words failed me. 12. 在罗马发生过许多重大历史事件。 Rome witnessed many great historic events.,试译下列句子,我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 五四运动以后，开始了“新红学”时代，代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等这样一些学者
13、。 小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。,参考译文,The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel. Caref
14、ul comparison of them will show you the difference. The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology. My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness. The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the “New Redology” represented by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Pingbai. Xiaomeis kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her friends callous behaviour.,启示,写作： 物称 文体变量 翻译： 相应,Thank you,THE END,