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1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（上） INTEGRATED COURSE,2,UNIT 2,ART OF THE TABLE,Objectives of Unit 2,To understand culinary delights in China（中国美食） in Reading Focus. To introduce some Chinese dishes and tell the stories about their names. To understand French cuisines kwzi:n 美食and the factors that caused the decl
2、ine of French cuisine in Reading More. To translate attributive clauses (2). To grasp some important words and phrases, including the ones of Chinese dietary culture.,Chinese cuisine（中国美食） originated from various regions of China and has become widespread in many parts of the world. There are great
3、cultural differences among the different regions of China, giving rise to the different styles of food. Traditionally, there are eight main regional cuisines or Eight Cuisines(八大菜系）coming from Anhui（徽）, Guangdong(粤）, Fujian（闽）, Hunan（湘）, Jiangsu（苏）, Shandong（鲁）, Sichuan（川） and Zhejiang（浙）provinces.
4、Take Sichuan cuisine as an example, we use many spices（调味品）, for example, Chinese prickly ash seeds(花椒） and chili pepper/ powder （辣椒粉）to make dishes very spicy（香辣的） and flavorful.,Starting out,Chinese spices调味品,Cooking wine Vinegar Soy sauce Chili pepper/ powder Prickly ash seed Sesame sesmi oil ,料酒
5、 醋 酱油 辣椒粉 花椒 香油 ,Chinese cooking methods,boil steam fry fry fry stew（文火炖） braise（炖，焖） simmer（慢慢煮，煨）,煮 蒸 煎 炒 炸 炖,Chinese cooking methods,braise, stew, simmer的区别： braise 炖，用于大块食材， 液体不完全cover。 例如：红烧蹄膀/肘子 braised tendontendn with brown sauce stew 文火炖，跟braise接近， 食材小，液体全cover。 例如：红烧肉 stewed pork with brow
6、n sauce simmer 煨 1.慢慢地沸腾，使（液体）的温度维持在沸点或稍低于沸点的温度; 2. 用在熬汤，就是用汤在煮食材，把食材的味道熬进汤里。,烧饼 Clay oven rolls/ sesame seed cake,Traditional Chinese Food,油条 Fried bread stick,Traditional Chinese Food,豆浆 Soybean milk,Traditional Chinese Food,臭豆腐 Stinky （smelly）tofu,Traditional Chinese Food,火锅 Hot pot,Traditional C
7、hinese Food,皮蛋 lime-preserved egg/Chinese preserved egg/preserved duck egg,Traditional Chinese Food,饺子 boiled dumpling,包子 steamed dumpling,Traditional Chinese Food,How is it prepared?,Procedure: The correct order? A. Roll dough into round pieces of wrapping B. Boil, steam, fry C. Knead dough d （揉面）
8、D. Wrap fillings up E. Put meat or eggs, vegetables and spices together Order: C-E-A-D-B,Culinary Delights in China,Reading Focus,Reading Focus Global Understanding,(Paras. 2-5),(Paras. 6-11),(Paras. 12-15), Introduction (Para. 1): popularity,Group Discussion and Report,G1-paras.2 even if; even thou
9、gh 尽管，即使；纵然 e.g. a peaceful, albeit brief retirement 虽然短暂但却很平静的退休生活,Reading More Language Point,2. From the Napa Valley to the Thames and Tokyo, non-French cooks have cracked the codes of the best French cuisine. (Para. 4) Paraphrase: Cooks from other parts of the world have learned the highlights o
10、f the French cuisine. crack: (v.) to solve a complicated problem, or to find the answer to a mystery 解决(难题)；解开(秘密) e.g. Detectives believe they can crack the case. 侦探们相信他们可以破这个案子。,Reading More Language Point,3. They have become ensnared in the red tape for which France is infamous. (Para. 5) ensnare
11、: (v.) to entangle or catch in (or as if in) a mesh net e.g. Park rangers found three deer that had become ensnared in traps. 公园管理员找到了3只被困在陷阱里的鹿。 ensnared into a loveless relationship 受骗而陷入一种没有爱的关系之中 infamous: well known for something bad e.g. an infamous criminal 臭名昭著的罪犯,Reading More Language Point
12、,4. But the real paradox of French cookingin France, at leastis that artistic success often spells business disaster. (Para. 7) paradox: situation or idea that is strange because it has features or qualities that you would not expect to exist together 自相矛盾的情况；似非而是的说法；悖论 e.g. the paradox of people wi
13、th the best qualifications not being able to get jobs 高学历的人无法找到工作的怪事 spell trouble/disaster/danger etc: if a situation or action spells trouble etc, it makes you expect trouble etc: e.g. 1) The lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers. 2)These changes spell ruin for the company.,Reading More La
14、nguage Point,5. If the French were under the same fiscal regime as the United States, wed be able to create twice as many jobs. (Para. 8) regime: (n.) 1) a particular system of government or management, especially one you disapprove of e.g. military/totalitarian/fascist regime; brutal/oppressive/cor
15、rupt regime 2) a particular system, used especially when talking about a previous system, or one that has just been introduced e.g. Under the new regime, all sheep and cattle will be regularly tested for disease.,Reading More Language Point,6. Many small farmers and restaurateurs seem to be fighting
16、 a rearguard action just to survive. (Para. 11) fighting a rearguard action: to make a determined effort to prevent a change that you think is bad, although it seems too late to stop it e.g. 1) They have been fighting a rearguard action to stop a supermarket being built on the land. 2) He fought a s
17、tubborn rearguard action against political reform.,Reading More Language Point,7. The problems afflicting French cuisine are emblematic of those that plague the economy as a whole. (Para. 12) plague: (v.) to cause continual discomfort, suffering, or trouble to someone e.g. 1) He has been plaguing me
18、 with silly questions. 2) Financial problems continued to plague the company.,Reading More Language Point,Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. (P56),Reading More Vocabulary in Action,Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-,A,A,D,B,A,B,C,A,A,B,Task
19、 1,Task 2,e.g. Artistic success often spells business disaster. “Spell” means indicate /signify in the sentence.,English words assume different meanings in different contexts. Explain the meaning of the underlined word in the context. (P57),Reading More Vocabulary in Action,Reading More Vocabulary i
20、n Action,1. The congenial quaintness of the street market, in fact, draws directly on globalization. “congenial” means _ in the sentence. 2. Non-French cooks have cracked the codes of the best French cuisine. “crack” means _ in the sentence.,pleasant,understand,Reading More Vocabulary in Action,3. A
21、t the annual agricultural fair in Paris this spring, visitors not only enjoyed sipping wines, but olive oils. “fair” means _ _ in the sentence. 4. Olive oilsone a little nutty, another quite fruity, some of them, one is tempted to say, just a little impudent. “impudent” means _ in the sentence.,an e
22、vent in which people or businesses show or sell their products,cheeky,Reading More Vocabulary in Action,5. Consider the value-added taxes that were “harmonized” all over Europe during the 1990s. “harmonized” means _ in the sentence. 6. They penalize sit-down restaurants, whether humble bistros or ha
23、ute cuisine. “humble” means _ in the sentence.,unified,modest or unpretentious,Reading More Vocabulary in Action,7. The CAP is supposed to benefit small farmers, keep them on the land and thus nurture the terroir that gives French cooking its soul. “nurture” means _ in the sentence. 8. The problems
24、afflicting French cuisine are emblematic of those that plague the economy as a whole. “afflict” means _ in the sentence. “plague” means _ in the sentence.,cherish,cause pain or suffer,annoy/trouble,Reading More Vocabulary in Action,9. Like French cuisine, the French economy still holds the occasiona
25、l surprise. “hold” means _ in the sentence. 10. But the basic problems of bureaucracy, taxes and social reluctance to change remain a burden for everyone. “reluctance” means _ in the sentence.,have,unwillingness,Practical Translation,定语从句在句中充当定语，修饰某一名词或代词。引导定语从句的关联词可以是关系代词（如 who, which, that）和关系副词（如
26、 when, where, as）。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。,定语从句的翻译: 在英译汉中，定语从句的处理办法一般用前置法、后置法、融合法和转换法等。 1. 前置法 把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前，将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。 2. 后置法 有时定语从句可视上下文将其译成独立的句子或与主句并列的分句，放在被修饰词的后面。,定语从句的翻译（1）,1. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps. 我
27、们往往可以从一个人所阅读的书以及所交往的朋友去看他的为人。 2. But if you put down a book you dont like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time. 但是如果你把自己觉得没劲的书放下另换别的，直到发现一本你认为有意思的书，然后轻松地读下去，那么几乎可以肯定你会感到很快活的。,定语从句“he reads” ，“he keeps”分别被译成带
28、“的”的短语“所阅读的”，“所交往的”放在中心词前面。,这又是一个定语从句译成带“的”的短语放在中心词前面的例子。,3. People are still talking about the historic events of several years ago, when man took his first walk in space. 人们仍然在谈论几年前的历史性事件，那时人类首次进行了太空行走。 4. They are looking for a city where the standard of living is high and the cost of living is l
29、ow. 他们要寻找一座城市，在那里生活水准高，但是生活成本低。 5. They act mostly on suggestions from present members, of whom four are women. 他们大多听从现在成员的建议行事，这些成员中有4人是女性。,非限制性定语从句译成短句放在被修饰词“几年前”后面，译文表达清晰流畅。,这里，where引导的定语从句较长，放在中心词 “city”后面，符合汉语表达习惯。,非限制性定语从句处理成单句放在中心词后面，使译文顺畅。,1. 融合法 融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成简单句中的谓语部分。由
30、于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是 there be 结构带有定语从句的句型。,定语从句的翻译（2）,原句中的主句部分there is a man 翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。,1) There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。,2) In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention. 在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。 3) Being
31、OK with risk is something that industry demands. 企业要求员工能承受风险。,原句中的主句部分there are many people 翻译成“许多人”，作译文的主语，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。,与其将从句处理成带“的”的前置定语“接受风险是企业要求的东西”，或是后置的分句“承受风险，那是企业要求的”，都没有将主从句相融合译得更简洁紧凑。,2转换法 有些定语从句从形式上看是定语从句，但从意义上分析却具有状语从句的性质和功能。翻译时应分析原文主句和从句之间的逻辑关系，然后译成相应的分句。,1) He would be a rash man
32、who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily. 如果有人公然反抗世界公众舆论而一意孤行，他定是个鲁莽之徒。 2) I met your mother, who was doing shopping at the supermarket. 你母亲在超市买东西时，我遇见了她。,上例英语定语从句被译成汉语的条件状语从句。,这里，将英语定语从句译成汉语的时间状语从句。,3) He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 他坚持要再造
33、一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。 4) He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument. 为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料。 5) I could not recognize her, who had changed so much in the past 10 years. 我几乎认不出她了，因为在过去10 年中，她变得太多了。,这里，将英语定语从句译成汉语的让步状语从句。,这里，将英语定语从句译成汉语的目的状语从句。,这里，将英语定语从句译成汉语的原因状语从句。,Zhejiang cuisine is light
34、and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is
35、less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake.,Translation for Reference: 浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜,这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正,因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水。,后置法,转换法,Translate
36、 the following paragraphs into Chinese. Paragraph One The decline goes well beyond recent surveys that show growing complaints about mediocre quality and high pricesno small concern in a country where tourisme gastronomique earned 18 billion euros in 2002, a quarter of all tourist revenues. More and
37、 more restaurateurs say that government tax and economic policies are limiting their profits, and thereby hurting their capacity to invest and hire more staff. They have become ensnarred in the red tape for which France is infamousnot to mention edicts from Brussels that affect everything from sales
38、 taxes to the bacteria in the Brie.,Translation for Reference: 最近的调查显示越来越多的人抱怨饭菜质量平平，价格昂贵，而法国烹饪的衰落还不止于此。这在法国可不是个小问题，要知道2002年美食旅游为法国创收180 亿欧元，占到全部旅游收入的1/4。越来越多的餐馆老板反映政府的税收和经济政策限制了他们的利润，也就影响了他们投资和雇佣更多人手的能力。束缚他们手脚的是令法国不那么光彩的繁琐拖拉的公事程序，更不要说那些来自欧盟的规定，从销售税到布里乳酪里含细菌的指标统统都在严格的掌控之中。,Assignment,Preview the vocabulary and the text of Reading Focus of Unit 4, doing Text Exploration and Vocabulary exercises on P104 and P107-108. Collect and take down some proverbs or sayings about love and marriage in your notebooks.,Thank You!,